Organic compound hydrocarbons

For values of heats of combustion of large numbers of organic compounds hydrocarbons and others, see Cox, J.D. Pilcher, G. Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press NY, 1970 Domalski, E.S. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1972,1, 221. For large numbers of heats of formation values (from which heats of combustion are easily calculated) see Stull, D.R. Westrum Jr., E.F. Sinke, G.C. The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Wiley NY, 1969. 

Many volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, ketones, amines, etc.) have been identified in marine systems [ 156,157]. These volatile materials may have an important role in the cycling of organic... 

Pollution associated with petroleum refining typically includes volatile organic compounds (volatile organic compounds), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SO c), nitrogen oxides (NO ), particulates, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), metals, spent acids, and numerous toxic organic compounds (Hydrocarbon Processing, 2003). Sulfur and metals result from the impurities in crude oil. The other wastes represent losses of feedstock and petroleum products. 

In this section, you studied carbon bonding and the three-dimensional shapes of organic molecules. You learned that you can determine the polarity of a molecule by considering its shape and the polarity of its bonds. In Unit 2, you will learn more about molecular shapes and molecular polarity. In the next section, you will review the most basic type of organic compound hydrocarbons. 

In this section, you will review the structure and names of hydrocarbons. As you may recall from your previous chemistry studies, hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compound. Hydrocarbons are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and are widely used as fuels. Gasoline, propane, and natural gas are common examples of hydrocarbons. Because they contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbons are non-polar compounds. 

Nearly 1000 compounds have so far been identified in the volatile constituents of meat from beef, chicken, mutton and pork (6). The largest number of volatiles has been determined in beef and these were representative of most classes of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, lactones, ethers, sulfur and halogenated compounds as well as different classes of heterocyclic substances (Figure 1) namely furans, pyrldlnes, pyrazines, pyrroles, oxazol(in)es, thiazol(in)es, thiophenes were present in cooked meat flavor volatiles as shown in Table I. Many of these compounds are unimportant to the flavor of meat and some may have been artifacts (16). 

In recent years some data have been obtained on the content of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, paraffins and aromatic compounds, alcohols, etc.) in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, including the rocks of the cherty iron-formations. 

Several years ago we presented evidence that the oxidation of a variety of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, etc.) by peracids [20] and dioxiranes [21] could be explained by radical mechanism, in contrast with the... 

The multiple gas-phase aspect (repeating equilibration with a second volume of pure gas) provides for the separation of a given class of organic compounds (hydrocarbons) from others. The measured distribution coefficient also assists in the identification of compounds found by GC. These and other aspects of the gas equilibration method will be presented in greater detail later. 

In 1923 two German scientists, Franz Fischer (1877-1947) and Hans Tropsch (1889-1935) developed a process whereby coke exposed to steam in the presence of catalysts forms a variety of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols) depending upon the catalyst and other specific conditions. Around this time, Alwin Mittasch (1869-1953), who developed the catalyst for the Haber-Bosch Process (chapter 1), introduced a related reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are combined in the presence of chromium oxide and zinc oxide (and similar combinations) to form methanol. The Fischer-Tropsch process played an important role in the synthesis of fuels... 

Before examining the question of crystal arrangement, it is necessary to know whether the substance has a molecular or tridimensional macromolecular lattice. According to what we saw, one could assume that a compound that exists in the gaseous or liquid state as a well-defined molecule, is inclined to give molecular crystals e.g., organic compounds (hydrocarbons), metalloids (I2, 2 small inorganic compounds (H2O, NH, CO2. ..). In... 

The occurrence in nature, methods of preparation, composition, structure, properties, and uses of some organic compounds (hydrocarbons, alcohols, chlorine derivatives of hydrocarbons, and organic acids) were discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. This discussion is continued in the following sections, with emphasis on natural products, especially the valuable substances obtained from plants, and on synthetic substances useful to man. Several large parts of organic chemistry will not be discussed at all these include the methods of isolation and purification of naturally occurring compounds, the methods of analysis and determination of structure, and the methods of synthesis used in organic chemistry, except to the extent that they have been described in Chapters 7 and 8. 

An excellent source of adjustable parameters for the Antoine Equation is the reference Yaws C. L., and Yang Fl.-C., "To Estimate Vapor Pressure Easily. Antoine Coefficients Relate Vapor Pressure to Temperature for Almost 700 Major Organic Compounds", Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 68, No. 10, 1989, Pages 65 to 68. 

As shown in Table 9.1, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives have been produced from other organic compounds (hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, and alcohols) and have been already been introduced as part of the discussion of those other compounds. Therefore, the material of Table 9.1 serves both as a reminder of reactions already discussed and thus, presumably, known to the reader, and as a device to foreshadow that which is yet to come. Thus, in addition to a plethora of new reactions that will expand the philosophy of things in heaven and earth, it remains important to remember that the organic compounds already discussed can themselves produce or be produced from aldehydes, ketones, and/or carboxylic acids (and or their derivatives). 

Typical organic compounds, on the other hand, have relatively weak intermo-lecular interaction, as they do not have large localized electric charges. As a matter of fact, the simplest organic compounds, hydrocarbons, have no localized electric charge they are said to be nonpolar. For example, the smallest hydrocarbon, methane (CH ) is a gas at room temperature. Methane is the main component of natural gas. 

Volatile flavour-active components of foods include virtually all groups of organic compounds, hydrocarbons and their oxygen derivatives (such as alcohols, aldehydes, acetals, ketones, carboxylic... 

Unintentional anthropogenic NPs include carbon black, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, noble metals, inorganic compounds, synthetic organic compounds, hydrocarbons, and asbestos. Sources for these include ... 

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