Hydrocarbons Organic compounds consisting

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Organic compounds consisting of fused aromatic ring... 

Surfactants. By definition every detergent product contains one or more types of surfactants. Basically, every surfactant is an organic compound consisting of two parts (I) a hydrophobic portion, normally including a long hydrocarbon chain, and (2) a hydrophilic portion, which renders the entire compound sufficiently soluble or dispersible in water or other polar solvent to serve its intended use. Together, these combined hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties render the compound surface-active—able to concentrate at the interface between a surfactant solution and another phase, such as air. soil, and textile substrate to be cleaned. 

Hydrocarbon Organic compounds mostly or entirely consisting of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are used as fuels and to manufacture plastics, medicines, and other products (compare with petroleum, oil, and natural gas). 

For organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon chains, solubility in water decreases with an increase in chain length of the homologous series (i.e., Traube s rule), because the compounds become more hydrophobic and nonpolar. More hydro-phobic adsorbates are expelled from water and thus allow an increasing number of water-water bond to be reformed. A nonpolar adsorbate will be strongly adsorbed from a polar solvent by a nonpolar adsorbent but will not be adsorbed much on a polar adsorbent in a nonpolar solvent. Therefore, an increase in the polarity of an adsorbate decreases its adsorption on activated carbon, which is a relatively polar adsorbent, in water. 

Waxes are a group of organic compounds consisting mainly of heat-sensitive hydrocarbons which are insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents and, most of them, free from glyceride. Sources of waxes can be animal, vegetable, mineral, synthetic and petroleum. The waxes used for fibre finishing are... 

The general formula for a class of organic compounds consists of the functional group and the letter R, which stands for the rest of the molecule. The general formula for alcohols is i —OH. Customarily, alcohols get their names by appending the suffix -ol to the hydrocarbon. For example, butane becomes butanol. 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

Compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen have the simplest compositions of all organic compounds. These compounds are called hydrocarbons. It is possible to classify the hydrocarbons into four series, based on the characteristic structures of the molecules in each series. These series are known as (1) the alkane series, (2) the alkene series, (3) the alkyne series, and (4) the aromatic series. There are many subdivisions of each series, and it is also possible to have molecules that could be classified as belonging to more than one series. 

Natural gas feedstock is very dependent of the source location in some cases it has high levels of H2S, CO2 and hydrocarbons. Organic sulfur compounds must be removed because they will irreversibly deactivate both reforming and WGS catalysts. Hence a preliminary feed desulfurization step is necessary. This process consists in a medium-pressure hydrogenation (usually on a cobalt-molybdenum catalyst at 290-370 °C), which reduces sulfur compounds to H2S, followed by H2S separation through ZnO adsorption (at 340-390 °C) or amine absorption [9]. 

Reclaim is a passive, in situ technology that uses a hydrophobic porous polymer to attract, adsorb, and concentrate petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soils and/or groundwater. Reclaim is considered a passive treatment technology because it requires no mechanical equipment remediation consists of placing polymer-filled canisters in recovery wells and allowing the containers to attract and adsorb organic contaminants. Reclaim canisters are then recycled and contaminants recovered for analysis and/or disposal. This polymer extracts contaminants whether they are in liquid phase, vapor phase or dissolved phase in water. 

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