Chlorine organic compounds and

Ozonation can be enhanced by the addition of ultraviolet (uv) radiation. This combination can be effective in degrading chlorinated organic compounds and pesticides. In addition, metal ions such as iron, nickel, chromium, and titanium [7440-32-6] can act as catalysts, as can ultrasonic mixing. 

The combustion tendency of polymers in air may be reduced by the incorporation of flame retardants, such as alumina trihydrate (ATH), which releases steam when heated, or chlorinated organic compounds and antimony oxide, which produce antimony chlorides when heated together. 

Removal of VOC contaminants from water was discussed in Ref. [107]. This particular process used sunflower oil to absorb the VOC compounds transferred from water across a gas-filled microporous membrane. However, to prevent any possibility of liquid breakthrough, a plasma-polymerized di-siloxane coating was applied on the oil side of the membrane. Report [108] presents results from a pilot trial where organic pollutants such as chlorinated organic compounds and aromatic organic compounds were removed from plant wastewaters. 

Details They can be solids or liquids. They are produced during the production, and from incomplete combustion, of certain chlorinated organic compounds, and also produced naturally during certain human activities, as well as by forest fires and volcanic eruptions. One member of the group is the herbicide, Agent Orange (used as a chemical weapon during the Vietnam War), and also used as a wood preservative. 

Modern chlorine-based bleaching agents include elemental chlorine (CI2 gas), a variety of hypochlorites (OCl ), certain N-chlorinated organic compounds, and chlorine dioxide (CIO2). The first three bleaching agents all hydrolyze to produce hypo-chlorous acid in aqueous solution, according to the equilibria in reactions [I]-[III]... 

PVC may be attacked by aromatics, chlorinated organic compounds, and lacquer solvents. 

The effluents from the bleaching process contain chlorinated organic compounds and cannot be disposed of by combustion with the spent cooking liquor. It pollutes the waste water stream with its oxygen demand and its toxic and genotoxic effects, it may even contain polychlorinated dibenzo-ftirans and dibenzo-p-dioxins in small concentrations. The stability of the chloro-organic compounds inaeases its biological and environmental persistence and this increases the tendency to bioconcentration in... 

Miscellaneous uses include several organic compounds and intermediates, eg, 1-naphthalenol, 1-naphthylamine [134-32-7] 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, and chlorinated naphthalenes. 

Solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis is used to determine paraffin wax antioxidants (qv), ie, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and other volatile materials. Trace amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, eg, polychlorinated biphenyls, can be deterrnined by using a gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector (22). 

By-Product Disposal. By-product disposal from vinyl chloride manufacturing plants is compHcated by the need to process a variety of gaseous, organic Hquid, aqueous, and soHd streams, while ensuring that no chlorinated organic compounds are inadvertendy released. Each class of by-product streams poses its own treatment and disposal challenges. 

The principal use of antimony pentafluoride is as a fluorinating agent. It readily replaces all chlorines with fluorine in organic compounds, and it fluorinates double bonds and aromatic rings. 

In the present chapter we want to look at certain electrochemical redox reactions occurring at inert electrodes not involved in the reactions stoichiometrically. The reactions to be considered are the change of charge of ions in an electrolyte solution, the evolution and ionization of hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine, the oxidation and reduction of organic compounds, and the like. The rates of these reactions, often also their direction, depend on the catalytic properties of the electrode employed (discussed in greater detail in Chapter 28). It is for this reason that these reactions are sometimes called electrocatalytic. For each of the examples, we point out its practical value at present and in the future and provide certain kinetic and mechanistic details. Some catalytic features are also discussed. 

Hydrogen chloride and chlorine gases form when chlorinated organic compounds in hazardous wastes are burned. If uncontrolled, this chlorine can become a human health risk and is a large component in the formation of acid rain. U.S. EPA has developed different requirements to control the emissions of chlorine from the different classes of combustion units. 

The pulp and paper industry is the largest industrial process water user in the U.S.5 In 2000, a typical pulp and paper mill used between 15,140 and 45,420 L (4000 to 12,000 gal) of water per ton of pulp produced. 1 2 3 4 General water pollution concerns for pulp and paper mills are effluent solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and color. Toxicity concerns historically occurred from the potential presence of chlorinated organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and others (collectively referred to as adsorbable organic halides, or AOX) in wastewaters after the chlorination/ extraction sequence. With the substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine, discharges of the chlorinated compounds have decreased dramatically. 

Asbestos fibers, dissolved chlorine, dissolved hydrogen, sodium chloride lead, chlorinated organic compound Lead, chlorinated organic compound, such as methylene chloride and hexachlorinated benzenes Mercury, asbestos fibers, chlorinated hydrocarbons Hypochlorite... 

Kirkpatrick, M.J., Finney, W.C. and Locke, B.R. (2003) Chlorinated organic compound removal by gas phase pulsed streamer corona electrical discharge with reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes, Plasmas and Polymers 8, 165-77. 

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