Chlorinated organic compounds pollution from

The pulp and paper industry is the largest industrial process water user in the U.S.5 In 2000, a typical pulp and paper mill used between 15,140 and 45,420 L (4000 to 12,000 gal) of water per ton of pulp produced. 1 2 3 4 General water pollution concerns for pulp and paper mills are effluent solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and color. Toxicity concerns historically occurred from the potential presence of chlorinated organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and others (collectively referred to as adsorbable organic halides, or AOX) in wastewaters after the chlorination/ extraction sequence. With the substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine, discharges of the chlorinated compounds have decreased dramatically. 

The Ebro catchment is the largest river basin in Spain. It covers an area of 85,362 km2 (http //www.chebro.es) and receives the potential influence of three million people. It suffers a considerable ecological impact from different industrial activities located predominantly in the last third of its course. These activities result on the release to the Ebro River and to some of its tributaries of Tm quantities of chlorinated organic compounds, PBDE and other brominated flame retardants, mercury, and other metals. In addition, intensive agricultural practices, mainly concentrated in the last 30 km of the river course and in its Delta, imply the use of large quantity of pesticides and fertilizers. In this paper, we review physiological effects of these pollutants in resident fish and shellfish populations and provide a general picture of the health status of the low course of the Ebro River. 

Removal of VOC contaminants from water was discussed in Ref. [107]. This particular process used sunflower oil to absorb the VOC compounds transferred from water across a gas-filled microporous membrane. However, to prevent any possibility of liquid breakthrough, a plasma-polymerized di-siloxane coating was applied on the oil side of the membrane. Report [108] presents results from a pilot trial where organic pollutants such as chlorinated organic compounds and aromatic organic compounds were removed from plant wastewaters. 

The occurrence of chlorinated organic compounds in fish from polluted waters is rather frequent. ° Chlorinated carboxylic acids of fatty acid character have also been shown to account for up to 90% of the extractable organically bound chloride (EOCl) in fish. Purification by thin layer chromatography of methyl esters of dichlorote-tradecanoic, dichlorohexadecanoic, and dichlorooctadeca-noic acids was used. They were detected at 1200 ppm of EOCl in fish. 

One use of the electron affinities of molecules is to predict the sensitivity and temperature dependence of the ECD to compounds that might be analyzed. Many environmental pollutants have different multiple substituents. Pesticides are highly chlorinated organic compounds. The chlorinated biphenyls, naphthalenes, and dioxanes are among the most toxic compounds. The temperature dependence of these compounds in the ECD is important, but has not been extensively studied. When the electron affinities and bond dissociation energies are known, the temperature dependence can be calculated from the kinetic model. This is done for the chlorinated biphenyls and naphthalenes, and the calculated temperature dependence is then compared with experiment. These calculations offer clues about the best conditions for analysis. 

Several researches have justified that surfactant solutions can not only use as rinsing agents to effectively desorbing hydrophobic organic pollutants from soil (Edwards D.A. et al., 1994 Liu. Z., 1991 Kile D.E. and Chiou C.T., 1988), but also act as catalysts in photochemical decay reaction of chlorinated organic compounds (Chu W. 

Lurker PA, Clark CS, Elia VJ. 1982. Atmospherie release of chlorinated organic compounds from the activated sludge process. J Water Pollut Control Fed 54 1566-1573. 

Chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) undoubtedly represent one of the main categories of water pollutants. This is due, on one hand, to their wide use in many industrial fields from solvents to chemical industry intermediates, pesticides (chlordane, 57-74-9 [1]), fungicides (hexachlorobenzene, 118-74-1), insecticides (aldrin, 309-00-2 dieldrin, 60-57-1 endrin, 72-20-8 heptachlor, 76-44-8), dielectrics and coolants (polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs), plasticizers (PCBs), and drugs (chloral, 75-87-6, representing the first synthetic COC, by Liebig in 1832). 

The effluents from the bleaching process contain chlorinated organic compounds and cannot be disposed of by combustion with the spent cooking liquor. It pollutes the waste water stream with its oxygen demand and its toxic and genotoxic effects, it may even contain polychlorinated dibenzo-ftirans and dibenzo-p-dioxins in small concentrations. The stability of the chloro-organic compounds inaeases its biological and environmental persistence and this increases the tendency to bioconcentration in... 

Accelerated solvent extraction is a new technique for the extraction of a range of organic pollutants from soils and related material. The technique is based on the use of a solvent or combination of solvents to extract organic pollutants at elevated pressure and temperature from a solid matrix. The range of organic pollutants for which the technique is proposed includes semivolatile compounds, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, chlorinated herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [53-56],... 

Artificial Pollutants Organic compounds (chlorinated pesticides, phosphorus-based pesticides, freons) industriai and municipai wastewaters runoff from urban areas and iandfiii erosion of contaminated soiis and sediments atmospheric deposition Toxic effects inciuding birth defects, reproductive faiiure, cancer, and systemic poisoning. 

There are 14 analytical methods developed by U.S. EPA for measuring common organic pollutants in air. These analytes include aldehydes and ketones, chlorinated pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and many volatile organic compounds. These methods may also be applied to analyze other similar substances. All these methods are numbered from TO-1 to TO-14 and based on GC, GC/MS, and HPLC analytical techniques. Method numbers, sampling and analytical techniques, and the types of pollutants are outlined in Table 1, while individual substances are listed in Table 2. 

Zeolite-based materials are also promising for the removal of organic compounds from industrial waste water (13). This is particularly true for chlorinated pollutants and the preferred process is based on adsorption/separation using hydrophobic molecular sieves (HMS). Compared to carbon adsorbents, HMS presents a good compromise between sorption capacities, selectivity to organics compared to water, and regenerability (vide infra, section 16.3.1.). 

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