Inorganic halides

See other acyl halides, inorganic acids, oxidants... 

Strictly speaking the alkyl halides are esters of the halogen acids, but since they enter into many reactions (t.g., formation of Grignard reagents, reaction with potassium cyanide to yield nitriles, etc.) which cannot be brought about by the other eaters, the alkyl halides are usually distinguished from the esters of the other inorganic acids. The preparation of a number of these is described below. 

Alkyl halides are such useful starting materials for preparing other functional group types that chemists have developed several different methods for converting alcohols to alkyl halides Two methods based on the inorganic reagents thionyl chloride and phosphorus tnbromide bear special mention... 

To ensure that reaction occurs m homogeneous solution solvents are chosen that dis solve both the alkyl halide and the ionic salt The alkyl halide substrates are soluble m organic solvents but the salts often are not Inorganic salts are soluble m water but alkyl... 

Inorganic Analysis The most important precipitants for inorganic cations are chromate, the halides, hydroxide, oxalate, sulfate, sulfide, and phosphate. A summary of selected methods, grouped by precipitant, is shown in Table 8.1. Many inorganic anions can be determined using the same reactions by reversing the analyte... 

Control led-Potential Coulometry The majority of controlled-potential coulometric analyses involve the determination of inorganic cations and anions, including trace metals and halides. Table 11.8 provides a summary of several of these methods. 

The aluminum halides and aluminum nitrates have similar properties with the exception of the family of aluminum fluoride compounds which are discussed elsewhere (see Fluorine compounds, inorganic). Of the remaining members ia this aluminum haUde family, chloride derivatives are the most commercially important alurniaum brornide /7727-/3 -JJ AlBr, alumiaum iodide [7784-23-8] and alumiaum nitrate [13473-90-0] are of... 

E. Hengge in V. Gutmaim, ed.. Inorganic Silicon Halides in Halogen Chemistry, Vol. 2, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1967. 

Cadmium alkyl and aryl halides, RCdX, as weU as cadmium allyls have been prepared by Grignard reactions but, as yet, have not realized any commercially important uses despite reactivity toward a number of organic and inorganic materials. 

Esterification. Esters are formed by the reaction of ethanol with inorganic and organic acids, acid anhydrides, and acid halides. If the inorganic acid is oxygenated, eg, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, the ester has a carbon—oxygen linkage that is easily hydrolyzed (24—26). 

Reactive halides and anhydrides. Substances like acid chlorides, low molecular weight anhydrides and some inorganic halides (e.g. PCI3) can be highly toxic and lachrymatory affecting mucous membranes and lung tissues. Utmost care should be taken when working with these materials. Work should be carried out in a very efficient fnme cupboard. 

M 624.1, Cl 45400. Freed from inorganic halides by repeated crystn from... 

Many inorganic solids lend themselves to study by PL, to probe their intrinsic properties and to look at impurities and defects. Such materials include alkali-halides, semiconductors, crystalline ceramics, and glasses. In opaque materials PL is particularly surface sensitive, being restricted by the optical penetration depth and carrier diffusion length to a region of 0.05 to several pm beneath the surface. 

Alkyl fluorides have been prepared by reaction between elementary fluorine and the paraffins, by the addition of hydrogen fluoride to olefins, by the reaction of alkyl halides with mercurous fluoride, with mercuric fluoride, with silver fluoride, or with potassium fluoride under pressure. The procedure used is based on that of Hoffmann involving interaction at atmospheric pressure of anhydrous potassium fluoride with an alkyl halide in the presence of ethylene glycol as a solvent for the inorganic fluoride a small amount of olefin accompanies the alkyl fluoride produced and is readily removed by treatment with bromine-potassium bromide solution. Methods for the preparation of alkyl monofluorides have been reviewed. ... 

Inorganic Chlorides/Halides — These metallic salts are formed from the reaction of a weak base with the strong acid HCl. Salts such as these dissolve in water to produce a markedly acidic solution. This is exemplified by aluminum chloride, which is corrosive due to the acidity resulting from the hydrolysis that produces aluminum and chlorine ions. Anhydrous AICI3 hydrolyzes violently when contacted by water. 

OSCI2 reacts vigorously with water and is particularly valuable for drying or dehydrating readily hydrolysable inorganic halides ... 

I. Reactions with Miscbli.aneous Inorganic Compounds 1. Phosphorus Halides... 

The aromaticity of such inorganic ring systems as borazine, the phosphonitrilic halides (69), and the thiazyl halides (70) has been studied extensively from a theoretical viewpoint. ... 

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