Organic compounds, chlorination elements

Isotopic clusters are especially apparent when atoms such as bromine and chlorine are present m an organic compound The natural ratios of isotopes m these elements are... 

Flame letaidancy can be impaited to plastics by incorporating elements such as bromine, chlorine, antimony, tin, molybdenum, phosphoms, aluminum, and magnesium, either duriag the manufacture or when the plastics are compounded iato some useful product. Phosphoms, bromine, and chlorine are usually iacorporated as some organic compound. The other inorganic flame retardants are discussed hereia. 

Potential environmental hazards from wastewater sludges are associated with trace constituents (e.g., chlorinated organic compounds) that partition from the effluent into the sludge. It should be noted, however, that recent trends away from elemental chlorine bleaching have reduced these hazards. A continuing concern is the very high pH (>12.5) of most residual wastes. When these wastes are disposed of in an aqueous form, they may meet the RCRA definition of a corrosive hazardous waste.24... 

Most organic compounds are not as simple as these compounds. Carbon compounds can contain still other elements, such as nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine, and their molecules are often very complex. 

Bromine pentafluoride is a highly reactive compound combining explosively or with ignition with most elements and their compounds. Spontaneous explosion or flaming can occur when mixed with water, organic compounds, metal powder, metal hahdes, metal oxides, metal sulfides and chlorine (upon warming) (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd ed. New York John Wdey). 

A good white smoke can be obtained by the formation of zinc chloride, ZnCl 2, from a reaction between zinc metal and a chlorinated organic compound (the chlorine-containing species serves as the oxidizer). Reaction products that strongly attract moisture (such as ZnCl 2) will have an enhanced smoke effect in humid atmospheres. The burning of elemental phosphoms, producing... 

For an organic compound the first step is usually to find the molecular formula, probably from the mass spectrum, and to calculate the number of double bond equivalents (DBEs). An acyclic saturated hydrocarbon has the formula where M = 2N+2. Each double bond or ring in the molecule reduces the value of M by two. So if M = 2N the molecule has one DBE we cannot tell from the formula whether it is in the form of a ring or unsaturation. A benzene ring corresponds to 4 DBEs three double bonds and a ring. The presence of oxygen or other divalent elements does not affect the value of M. Each monovalent atom such as chlorine can be treated as a proton for the purpose of calculation, while one proton has to be subtracted for each trivalent atom such as nitrogen. 

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