Procedures, operating

Operating procedures shall be developed for all safety related operations 

Handling of radioactive waste and monitoring and control of radioactive releases  

Inspection, periodic testing and maintenance, as required, of the reactor and its auxiliary systems during extended periods of shutdown of the reactor  

Activities of an administrative nature with a possible effect on safety (e.g. the control of visitors)  

The operating procedures shall be reviewed and updated periodically on the basis of the lessons learned in using the procedure or, if the need arises, in accordance with predetermined internal procedures. They shall be available as relevant for the particular operation of the reactor. 

Instructions and procedures shall be developed for normal operations of the spent fuel storage facility, anticipated operational occurrences and design basis accident conditions. Instructions and procedures should be prepared so that each action can be readily performed in the proper sequence by the designated responsible person. Responsibilities for approval of any required deviations from procedures for operational reasons should be clearly defined. 

Adequate arrangements shall be made for review of operating procedures and for communicating any revisions to operating personnel. Revisions shall be undertaken only in accordance with written procedures, reviewed to ensure compliance with operational limits and conditions and safety limits approved by the Regulatory Body, and approved only by authorized persons. 

Operating procedures should include sections defining  

Operating procedures should be prepared. These might include the following particular subjects  

All modifications shall be appropriately documented. The documents of record must be revised in a timely manner commensurate with their safety significance. 

The standard operating procedures demand great attention as they reflect personnel safety issues, safe operating limits and quality considerations. They should be written simply and clearly. The level of detail is determined by the training and experience of the operations staff but should also take into account the hazards inherent in the process. 

The major categoiy—operating procedures—can be broken into subcategories by operating phase. Continuous process tolls will have four basic types of subcategories each representing one phase of operation  

Startup This includes procedures addressing pre-startup operations, initial startup, startup following turnaround and startup after emergency shutdown. 

Normal Operations This includes all procedures describing activities performed after startup, before a planned shut- 

Within each subcategoiy are any specially designated tempo-raiy procedures required for equipment operating in one of the four operating phases. These procedures are typically short lived due to a terminating condition or expiration date. They describe special tests or temporaiy changes in operating steps. These tempo-raiy procedures can be archived when they are not active. 

Computerized process control systems add complexity to operating instructions. These operating instructions need to describe the logic of the software as well as the relationship between the equipment and the control system otherwise, it may not be apparent to the operator. 

Writing operational procedures is a process that uses the expertise of the equipment manufacturers, engineers, and operating staff. Typically, action words are used to identify each step of the procedure. A start-up and shutdown procedure for each operating system should be written. This process documentation should be in place before the equipment is started. A start-up procedure is characterized by a series of action-related items  

Take cold readings on bottom temp/top temp. 

Catch temperature readings every five minutes. 

Turn condenser on when upper temp reaches 150°F. 

Record observations from visual checks of system. 

Safety is a management responsibility requiring an awareness of all relevant local legislation and a strategy that comprises  

In the UK these duhes are imposed by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act. Employees also have a legal responsibility to cooperate with management by using designated protective devices and not interfering with such apparatus. 

An excellent framework for the management of occupahonal health and safety is provided by OHSAS 18001 1999 which is compahble with ISO 9001 1994. Key elements of the standard addressed include 

Hazard identification and risk assessment and risk control. 

Accidents, incidents, non-conformances and corrective and preventative action. 

Aeeidents, ineidents, non-eonformanees and eoiTeetive and preventative aetion. 

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Trilene A trade name for trichloroethylene when used as an anaesthetic. It is given by inhalation for short operative procedures. 

The standards for tests, which are cited in reference to the standards for characteristics. In order for a client and his supplier to compare their results during a commercial transaction, it is important that their laboratories rigorously follow the same operating procedures. The procedures are thus precisely defined in the standards. 

Quality control encompasses all activities used to bring a system into statistical control. The most important facet of quality control is written documentation, including statements of good laboratory practices, good measurement practices, standard operating procedures, and protocols for a specific purpose. 

The next step is to apply a number of loss control credit factors such as process control (emergency power, cooling, explosion control, emergency shutdown, computer control, inert gas, operating procedures, reactive chemical reviews), material isolation (remote control valves, blowdown, drainage, interlocks) and fire protection (leak detection, buried tanks, fire water supply, sprinkler systems, water curtains, foam, cable protection). The credit factors are combined and appHed to the fire and explosion index value to result in a net index. 

Gopolymerization. The chemistry of the resin matrix, the type and degree of porosity, the particle size, and the particle size distribution are estabhshed in the copolymerization step. Formulations and operating procedures must be strictiy foHowed. Reaction vessels must be weH designed. Mistakes made during copolymerization are rarely corrected during functionalization. 

Research nd Development. Eor commodity chemicals, emphasis is on the improvement of plant operation and reduction of production costs. Eor specialty chemicals, emphasis is on assembling a staff capable of quickly identifying and solving a customer problem under the existing plant conditions and operating procedures of the customer. 

Values depend on plant-specific design and operating procedures for steam plant. 

The second aspect of quahty documentation is to detail how the work processes referred to in the manual are performed. The QA unit is often the organization responsible for issuing a set of procedures designed to assure conformance to the appropriate standards or to company poHcy. The procedures, often called standard operation procedures (SOP) or quahty operating procedures (QOP), should include such topics as customer complaints, audit protocols, stabihty testing, preparation of COAs, test method vahdation, etc. 

A specific detailed description and protocol should be written (standard operating procedure (SOP)). 

AH volatile organic solvents are toxic to some degree. Excessive vapor inhalation of the volatile chloriaated solveats, and the central nervous system depression that results, is the greatest hazard for iadustrial use of these solvents. Proper protective equipment and operating procedures permit safe use of solvents such as methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene ia both cold and hot metal-cleaning operations. The toxicity of a solvent cannot be predicted from its chlorine content or chemical stmcture. For example, 1,1,1-trichloroethane is one of the least toxic metal-cleaning solvents and has a recommended threshold limit value (TLV) of 350 ppm. However, the 1,1,2-trichloroethane isomer is one of the more toxic chloriaated hydrocarboas, with a TLV of only 10 ppm. 

The process hazards analysis is conducted by an experienced, multidisciplinary team that examines the process design, the plant equipment, operating procedures, and so on, using techniques such as... 

Waste pretreatment Suspended solid less than 10 to 15 mg/L particle sizes equal to or less than 1 to 5 im (depends on the pressure may require changes in operating procedures. 

Introduction Review and audit processes are used in the chemical process industry to evaluate, examine, and verify the design of process equipment, operating procedures, and management systems. These processes assure compliance with company standards and guidelines as well as government regulations. Reviews and audits can encompass the areas of process and personnel safety, environmental and industrial hygiene protection, quality assurance, maintenance procedures, and so on. 

To distinguish between a review and an audit, some definitions will be provided. A review is a critical examination or evaluation of any operation, procedure, condition, event, or equipment item. Reviews can take many forms and be identified as project reviews, design reviews, safety reviews, pre-start-up reviews, and so on. The following discussion of the review process will deal with project reviews associated with capital projects and focus on the area of process safety. 

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