Introduction and Review

Let s take a moment to review the nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones, before we look at their reactions. The suffix for the aldehyde group, CHO, is -al, and the carbonyl carbon atom is always numbered as C-1. The suffix for ketones is -one, and the chain is numbered so that the carbonyl group has the lowest number. So 14.1 is 5-chloro-4-ethyl-2-methyheptanal, and 14.2 is 4-chloro-6,8-dimethyl-3-nonanone. Remember that aldehydes and ketones are described as oxo substituents when there is an acid derivative in the molecule and that the acid derivative will take precedence in the numbering scheme. 

FIGURE 14.1 Chromium(VI) oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. 

FIGURE 14.2 Carbonyl compounds synthesized by addition of water to alkynes (SiajBH is disiamyl-borane, lUPAC name bis (l,2-dimethylpropyl)borane. 9-BBN is 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane). 

FIGURE 14.4 Friedel-Crafts acylation of arenes to give aryl ketones. 

FIGURE 14.6 Comparison of double bonds in alkenes and aldehydes. 

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In this chapter, procedures for drawing molecular structures have been illustrated, and a brief overview of structural inorganic chemistry has been presented. The structures shown include a variety of types, but many others could have been included. The objective is to provide an introduction and review to the topics of VSEPR, hybrid orbitals, formal charge, and resonance. The principles discussed and types of structures shown will be seen later to apply to the structures of many other species. 

Champ, M.A. 1986. Organotin symposium introduction and review. Pages 1093-1100 in G.L. Maton (ed.). Proceedings Oceans 86 Conference, September 23-25, 1986, Washington, D.C. Volume 4. Organotin symposium. Avail, from Marine Technology Society, 2000 Florida Ave N.W., Washington, D.C. 

The four-volume Handbook of Chemoinformatics—From Data to Knowledge (Gasteiger 2003) contains a number of introductions and reviews that are relevant to chemometrics Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Cheminformatics (Eriksson et al. 2003), Inductive Learning Methods (Rose 1998), Evolutionary Algorithms and their Applications (von Homeyer 2003), Multivariate Data Analysis in Chemistry (Varmuza 2003), and Neural Networks (Zupan 2003). 

Stars, combs with three-functional branching points along a locally rigid backbone, and planar surface-brushes can also be considered as assemblies of linear chains tethered to df-dimensional objects [9] (df=0, chains tethered to a point, or stars, df=l, chains tethered to a line, combs, and df=2, chains tethered to a surface, brushes). Excellent introductions and reviews on the molecular properties of these different molecular architectures are contained in [2-4,6-9]. 

Noback, C. R., and Demarest, R. J. (1972) The Nervous System Introduction and Review, McGraw-Hill, New York... 

Swartz, M. E. (2005b). UPLC. An introduction and review. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 28 1253-1263. 

A complete discussion of the theory of the coherent Raman effects is not possible in the available space. There are many excellent introductions and reviews for a more detailed treatment (2,3,4). Let us simply outline some basic considerations pertinent to the following discussion. The electronic polarization of a medium can be expressed as a power series in the electric field as in Equation (1). 

Structure and Classification of Alcohols 425 10-3 Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols 427 10-4 Physical Properties of Alcohols 430 10-5 Commercially Important Alcohols 433 10-6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols 435 10-7 Synthesis of Alcohols Introduction and Review 438 Summary Previous Alcohol Syntheses 438 10-8 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis 440 10-9 Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds 443... 

Posey H. H. and Kyle J. R. (1988) Fluid-rock interactions in the salt dome environment an introduction and review. Chem. Geol. 74, 1-24. 

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