Operating assumptions

The Lapple charts for compressible fluid flow are a good example for this operation. Assumptions of the gas obeying the ideal gas law, a horizontal pipe, and constant friction factor over the pipe length were used. Compressible flow analysis is normally used where pressure drop produces a change in density of more than 10%. 

The first approach is still computationally prohibitive because of the chemical-structural complexity of the crystalline materials of our interest. The second type of approach is also rather complex, however, and necessitates several operative assumptions. 

The critical operational assumption that makes it possible to draw conclusions in a given comparison situation about the effect of plate and pore amount is that a constant volume and a constant absolute amount of solute was injected per column to normalize comparisons. If pore amount per column is constant, then increase in resolution with several columns of the same kind in series is due only to the increased amount of plates. Conversely, if plates of a column bank are the same, then differences in resolution are due to differences in the amount of pores of appropriate size. Also, all the other appropriate operating parameters are constant for each comparison. The following group of comparisons will illustrate different issues involving the interplay of pores, plates, and resolving power. The times on the figures are maximum values for total permeation volumes at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. 

We should also distinguish operating assumptions, which may be different even when the same materials are involved. For instance, if we were interested in finding out what goes on during the filling of the reactor, we would need both equations. However, if the reactor were operated at constant volume, only one would be needed. 

It is important to point out that these tools are useful only after the project objectives goals Go/No-Go decisions decision criteria and operating assumptions have been established. The project planning management tools are presented in Table 27.8 in the order in which they would be introduced in a project planning process. 

Generalized function mostly unit operations like continuous stirred tank reactor or plug flow reactor for react and distillation column or evaporator for separate" and also new combined operations assumptions are necessary due to lack of some data in advance calculations with linear mass- and energy balances short-cut methods ... 

Once the system is built, it must be operated safely. System engineering creates the basic information needed to do this in the form of the safety constraints and operating assumptions upon which the safety of the design was based. These constraints... 

Safety Constraints Operating Requirements Operating Assumptions Operationai Limitations Audit Requirements Training Manuais User Manuais... 

Operational assumptions from hazard and risk analyses... 

Shein divides culture into three levels (figure 13.2) [188]. At the top are the surface-level cultural artifacts or routine aspects of everyday practice including hazard analyses and control algorithms and procedures. The second, middle level is the stated organizational rules, values, and practices that are used to create the top-level artifacts, such as safety policy, standards, and guidelines. At the lowest level is the often invisible but pervasive underlying deep cultural operating assumptions... 

The activities shall be pmdent, based both on an individual and an overall assessment of all factors of relevance for planning and implementation of the activities as regards health, safety and the environment. Consideration shall also be given to the specific nature of the activities, local conditions and operational assumptions. 

The following discussion is merely shown to demonstrate how one might go about approaching a non-ideal system. The specific kinetics and equations of state used are shown for illustrative purposes alone, and are not indicative of how these reactions are carried out in reality. We ultimately want to demonstrate that even when the system is fairly complex, given realistic data and operating assumptions, the ideas discussed earlier may still be employed to compute the AR. 

The calculation of average, volume-equivalent, diameters was based upon total suspended particulate mass and the total number of particles, the latter determined by a condensation particle counter. Aerodynamic size distributions were determined via sedimentation. The operational assumption in this technique is that an insignificant... 

When I came to work at Big Bank, I expected to grow professionally. But, managers and employees alike found it problematic that we buy talent from the outside instead of growing it from within, says a Big Bank executive. Some European employees believed there was an operating assumption by leaders that someone from outside is always better and that Big Bank preferred choosing people from outside. ... 

Step 1 serves for the safety assessors to obtain a complete and concise overview of the operation, and to freeze this description during each safety assessment cycle. Main input to step 1 is a description of the operational concept from the designers, while its output is a sufficiently complete, structured, consistent and concise description of the operation considered. The operation should be described in generic terms, the description should provide any particular operational assumption to be used in the safety assessment, and the description has to be verified by the operational concept designers. Typically during this step, holes and inconsistencies in the concept as developed are also identified and immediately fed back to the design team... 

Here the F s stand for the indicated surface concentrations. Equation 2 is operational, meaning that it contains measurable quantities. The difference between the adsorption of acid and base can be measured by titration. (Such titrations only give relative values of <7° conversion into absolute values requires a reference point, viz., the point of zero charge, see next section). Behind Eq. 2 is the tacit non-operational assumption that adsorption of an electroneutral... 

According to the CAIB report (2003 108), the operating assumption that NASA could turn over increased responsibility for shuttle safety and reduce its direct involvement was based on the mischaracterization in the Kraft report (1995) that the shuttle was a mature and reliable system. The heightened awareness that characterizes programs still in development (continued test as you fly ) was replaced with a view that oversight could be reduced without reducing safety. In fact, increased... 

Health and safety laws can be divided into three categories that reflect different philosophies and operational assumptions. ... 

OPERATIONAL - Assumptions made in PSA and safety ease were listed and inserted in operational documents - Operational Commitments data base was produced collecting all the requirements whieh were not warrant production of a technical Specification requirement. 

Why, then, do we accept collateral damage in road transport The main reason seems to turn on our beliefs about risk control. We know that, as individuals, we have no personal, direct control over safety in air or rail travel, while we (mistakenly) believe that we have total direct control in our everyday road use. If society s safety objective were to become that of eliminating collateral damage from our road transport system, then our search for effective solutions and our questioning of our fundamental system design and operating assumptions would look quite different. 

Construction Management Any changes in enviroimiental legislation may increase the risk to the operating assumptions made at the start of the project... 

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