Collateral damage

Explosion is burning that takes place sonically, hence, a shock front is produced. The damage mechanisms are physical destruction from the shock wave, collateral damage from falling structures, and human bums. Suffocation and poisoning are not usually associated with an explosion because of its short duration. A chemical explosives such as nitroglycerine, trinitrotoluene, dynamite, and others were discussed in Section 7.2.6. 

Newer antimicrobials have not demonstrated superiority in the prevention of SSI and should be reserved for treatment only. Carbapenems, antipseudomonal penicillins, and third-or fourth-generation cephalosporins are not appropriate antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis. Overuse of these antibiotics may contribute to collateral damage and the development of bacterial resistance. 

The modification of electrolytes via additives is attractive to industry as an economical approach however, its impact on electrolyte performance is mainly restricted to tuning interfacial-related properties because of their small concentration in the electrolyte, while other challenges for the state-of-the-art electrolytes such as temperature limits, ion conductivity, and Inflammability are still determined by the physical properties of the bulk components. Improvements in these bulk-related properties can only be realized by replacing the bulk components of the electrolytes with new solvents and salts, but such efforts have been met with difficulty, since more often than not the improvement in the individually targeted properties is achieved at the expense of other properties that are also of vital importance to the performance of electrolytes. Such collateral damage undermines the significance of the improvements achieved and, in some cases, even renders the entire effort unworthy. 

As with killing in modem warfare, that in the defence of the body uses different systems and different weapons, and collaboration and communication between the different systems is essential, hi addition, the weapons must kill without incurring substantial damage to the host tissues (i.e. minimal collateral damage). However, death of some host cells is essential in defence of the body as a whole. 

O Garra A, Vieira P, Goldfeld A. 2004. IL -10 producing and naturally occurring CD4+ Tregs Limiting collateral damage. J Chn Inv. 114 1372-1378. 

The associated risks if project fails (collateral damage)... 

Cook, M. E., Butz, D., Li, R, Pariza, M., Whigham, L., and Yang, M. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid enhances immune responses but protects against the collateral damage of immune events. In Sebedio, J., Christie, W. W., and Adolf, R. (Eds.), Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research (2, pp. 283-291). Champaign, IL AOCS Press. 

Since the introduction of nitroglycerine as an explosive by Alfred Nobel in 1867 in the form of Dynamite, large advances have been made in the performance and reduction of sensitivities of highly energetic materials (Fig. 12.1). However, most of the formulations currently used are over 50 years old and do not fulfill all of today s requirements, in particular with regard to their performance, collateral damage, insensitivity, toxicity, compatibility with the environment and use in special operations. 

Table 10.2. Laser-heating, thermo-oxidation, and plasma discharge techniques for co-deposit removal [ These techniques require the introduction of oxygen into the torus and thus will require conditioning to remove the residual oxygen and water to recover plasma operation. Further work is needed to determine the effects of collateral damage]...

Historically retinal autoimmunity has been considered pathogenic. So, active suppression of retinal immunity was thought to be necessary for the health of the eye. However, later studies have demonstrated the presence of retinal autoan-tibocUes in normal controls (Yamamoto et al., 1993). Animal optic nerve injury studies suggested possible beneficial roles of retinal autoimmunity in controlling collateral damage to the retinal ganglion cells (Kipnis et al., 2002). Thus, rednal autoimmunity can be viewed as both protective and destructive phenomenon. 

The toxicity of plants, venoms, and other poisons used in armaments posed perils to those who wielded them, and the mythology and the history of poison weapons is rife with examples of accidental self-injury and unintended collateral damage. The use of windborne toxins also involved blowback problems, as acknowledged by Kautilya in his Arthashastra. He cautioned that protective salves and other remedies must be applied before deploying poisonous smokes. Toxic weapons are notoriously difficult to control and often resulted in the destruction of noncombatants as well as soldiers, especially in siege situations. 

Perhaps the military, however, is the all-time winner of the substitute-a-euphemism contest. Over the years, the military has used a variety of words, such as neutralization, pacification, and liberation, to mean the invasion and destruction of other countries and governments. During the Gulf War with Iraq, for example, bombs that fell on civilians were referred to as incontinent ordnance, with the dead becoming collateral damage. ... 

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