On pesticides

Environmental Chemistry. Requirements for data on pesticides in the environment include both laboratory and field studies. The purpose of these studies is to identify and assess the potential ha2ards associated with each use of a pesticide in the environment in which it is to be used (20). 

There is a strong relationship between the amount of pesticide appHed and the amount detected in soil and water. Some background information on pesticide usage and terminology is useful in understanding their impact on the environment. 

New Herbicides. There are also several significant developments that will have longer-term impact on pesticide usage and residues in water. There has been a steady decrease in the amount of herbicide needed to control weeds since the 1940s (Eig. 7). 

UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food and Flealth and Safety Executive, Annual Report of the Working Party on Pesticide Residues in Food (1997), MAFF Publications, London, 1997. lARC, Monographs on the Evabiation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Hnmans Volume 56 Some Naturally Occurring Substances Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, WFIO, Geneva, 1979, p. 397. 

EEC Directive on pesticide residues m foodstuffs of animal origin... 

EEC Directive on pesticide on certain products of plant origin 91/132/EEC Directive amending Directive 74/63/EEC on animal nutntion... 

EC Directive amending 90/642/EEC on pesticide on products of plant origin... 

Provides access to detailed information on all categories of pesticides including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides. Included is information on pesticide toxicity, health effects, residual data, efficacy, and other information. NPIC is a cooperative effort of the U.S. EPA and the Oregon State University Department of Agricultural Chemistry. NPIC is staffed from 6 30 a.m to 4 30 p.m. Pacific Standard Time. 

Carson s work on pesticides and her writings on the sea are two parts of the same message. In all, she wanted to communicate the wonder she felt for the natural world, a world she saw as harmonious, balanced, and beautiful. And, in each, she challenged her fellows to reverence nature and act responsibly to preserve and protect natural habitats. Disputing the... 

For pesticide extraction procedures pertaining to food samples, refer to U.S. government manuals on pesticide residue analysis. 

From this analysis it is clear that in addition to their benefits, the use of pesticides in food production not only causes serious public health problems but also considerable damage to vital agricultural and natural ecosystems in the United States and world. A conservative estimate suggests that the environmental and social costs of pesticide use in the United States total about 4 billion each year. Worldwide the yearly environmental and public health costs are probably at least 100 billion. This is several times the 18 bllllon/yr spent on pesticides in the world. 

Leonas KK, Easter EP, Dejonge JO. 1989. Effect of fabric characteristics on pesticide penetration through selected apparel fabrics. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43 231-238. 

Minyard JP, Roberts WE. 1991. State findings on pesticide residues in foods—1988-1989. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74 438-453. 

FAOAVHO. 1975a. Data sheets on pesticides Endosulfan. Rome, Italy Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. VBC/DS/75.15, No. 15. 

FAOAVHO. 1976. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1975 Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticides Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. Geneva, Switzerland Food and Agricultural Orgaiuzafion of the United Nations and World Health Organization. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series no. 1, WHO Technical Report Series no. 592. 

Moriya M, Ohta T, Watanabe K, et al. 1983. Eurther mutagenicity studies on pesticides in bacterial reversion assay systems. Mutat Res 116 185-216. 

Vettorazzi G. 1975. State of the art of the toxicological evaluation carried out by the Joint EAOAVHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues I. Organohalogenated pesticides used in public health and agriculture. Residue Rev 56 107-134. 

Working Group on Pesticides. 1970. Ground disposal of pesticides the problem and criteria for guidelines. Rockville, MD Working Group on Pesticides. WGP-DR-1. 

The other major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance found in some field strains of Heliothis virescens was enhanced detoxication due to a high rate of oxidative detoxication, mediated by a form of cytochrome P450 (McCaffery 1998). Some strains, such as PEG 87, which was subjected to a high level of field and laboratory selection, possessed both mechanisms. Other example of pyrethroid resistance due to enhanced detoxication may be found in the literature on pesticides. 

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