Olives studies

In two other municipalities studied by CPRR, the directions for curbside plastic collection were potentially confusing. The handout sheets to residents requested beverage containers only, while instructions printed on the 20 gallon recycling bin requested "all plastic bottles." As a result, non-specified plastics for the two towns averaged 20-25% by weight, about twice the 10.9% of non-specified plastics collected in the Mt. Olive study [Morrow and Merriam, 1990]. 

Several applications involve the removal of large amounts of triglicerides, including the determination of wax esters in olive oil (39), sterols and other minor components in oils and fats (40, 41), PCBs in fish (42), lactones in food products (43, 44), pesticides (45), and mineral oil products in food (46,47). Grob et al. (47) studied the capacity of silica gel HPLC columns for retaining fats, and concluded that the capacity of such columns is proportional to their size, although the fractions of the volumes that are then transferred to the GC system grow proportionally with the column capacity. For these reasons, 2-3 mm i.d. LC columns are to be preferred for LC-GC applications. 

Wolfsberg, K. Aguilar, R.D. Bayhurst, B.P. Daniels, W.R. DeVilliers, S.J. Erdal, B.R. Lawrence, F.O. Maestas, S. Mitchell, A.J. Oliver, P.Q. Raybold, N.A. Rundberg, R.S. Thompson, J.L. Vine, E.N. "Sorption-Desorption Studies on Tuff. III. A Continuation of Studies with Samples from Jackass Flats and Yucca Mountain, Nevada", Report LA-8747-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1981. 

Lippi et. al (87) and Dirstine (88) circumvented titration by converting the liberated fatty acids into copper salts, which after extraction in chloroform are reacted with diethyldithio-carbamate to form a colored complex which is measured photometrically. While the end point appears to be more sensitive than the pH end point determination, the advantages are outweighed by the additional steps of solvent extraction, centrifugation and incomplete extraction when low concentrations of copper salts are present. Other substrates used for the measurement of lipase activity have been tributyrin ( ), phenyl laurate (90), p-nit ro-pheny1-stearate and 3-naphthyl laurate (91). It has been shown that these substrates are hydrolyzed by esterases and thus lack specificity for lipase. Studies on patients with pancreatitis indicate olive oil emulsion is definitely superior to water soluble esters as substrates for measuring serum lipase activity. 

Histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract have not been observed in intermediate- or chronic-duration studies in which rats and mice were treated by gavage to trichloroethylene in com oil (NCI 1976 NTP 1988, 1990) or olive oil (Maltoni et al. 1986). The maximum doses used in these studies were 2,000 mg/kg/day for rats and 3,000 mg/kg/day for mice (intermediate-duration) studies (NTP 1990). 

Boekel, M.J.S., Kinetic modeling in food science a case study on chlorophyll degradation in olives, J. Sci. Food Agric., 80, 3, 2000. 

When 100 mg of synthetic astaxanthin in olive-oil-containing meal was given to male volunteers, a maximum plasma concentration of 1.24 mg/L astaxanthin was observed in the first 6 hours postprandially. The relative concentration of total astaxanthin in HDL decreased compared to the other lipoprotein fractions in the 72-hour study. 

Analytical results are often represented in a data table, e.g., a table of the fatty acid compositions of a set of olive oils. Such a table is called a two-way multivariate data table. Because some olive oils may originate from the same region and others from a different one, the complete table has to be studied as a whole instead as a collection of individual samples, i.e., the results of each sample are interpreted in the context of the results obtained for the other samples. For example, one may ask for natural groupings of the samples in clusters with a common property, namely a similar fatty acid composition. This is the objective of cluster analysis (Chapter 30), which is one of the techniques of unsupervised pattern recognition. The results of the clustering do not depend on the way the results have been arranged in the table, i.e., the order of the objects (rows) or the order of the fatty acids (columns). In fact, the order of the variables or objects has no particular meaning. 

As an example consider the data presented in Tables 35.1-35.4. These tables are extracted from a much larger data base obtained in an international cooperative study on the sensory aspects of olive oils [1]. Table 35.1 gives the mean scores for 16 samples of olive oil with respect to six appearance attributes given by a Dutch sensory panel. Table 35.2 gives similar scores for the same samples as judged by a... 

Lawrence and Ducharme [489] have described a fast, simplified method for the detection of fluorescent whiteners in polymers, in which the polymer dissolution was applied directly to the thin layer. Also the separation of optical brighteners (Leucopur EGM, Azur 4, Azur 5, Hostalux ABC, Uvitex OB, Eastobrite OB) from plastics and migration into water and olive oil was studied by HPTLC on RP-18 silica using various mobile phase mixtures and UV detection [490]. 

These studies were limited to work with navel and Valencia oranges, lemons, grapefruit, apples, pears, and peaches. Preliminary results have also been obtained with avocados, grapes, olives, plums, and certain vegetable crops. 

Figure 7.22b is a similar plot for the other two lipids considered olive oil (unfilled symbols) and octanol (filled symbols). Both lipids can be described by a bilinear relationship, patterned after the case in Fig. 7.19d [Eq. (7.44)]. Octanol shows a declining log Pe relationship for very lipophilic molecules (log Kd > 2). The probe set of 32 molecules does not have examples of very hydrophilic molecules, with log Kd < —2, so the expected hydrophilic ascending part of the solid curve in Fig. 7.22b is not fully shown. Nevertheless, the shape of the plot is very similar to that reported by Camenisch et al. [546], shown in Fig. 7.8c. The UWL in the latter study (stirred solutions) is estimated to be 460 pm (Fig. 7.8b), whereas the corresponding value in unstirred 96-well microtiter late assay is about 2300 pm. For this reason, the high point in Fig. 7.22b is 16 x 10-6 cm/s, whereas it is 70 x 10 6 cm/s in Fig. 7.8c.

Olive oil was the original model lipid for partition studies, and was used by Overton in his pioneering research [518,524], It fell out of favor since the 1960s, over concerns about standardizing olive oil from different sources. At that time, octanol replaced olive oil as the standard for partition coefficient measurements. However, from time to time, literature articles on the use of olive oil appear. For example, Poulin et al. [264] were able to demonstrate that partition coefficients based on olive oil-water better predict the in vivo adipose-tissue distribution of drugs, compared to those from octanol-water. The correlation between in vivo log Kp (adipose tissue-plasma) and log (olive oil-water) was 0.98 (r2), compared to 0.11 (r2) in the case of octanol. Adipose tissue is white fat, composed mostly of triglycerides. The improved predictive performance of olive oil may be due to its triglyceride content. 

Tokarski, C., C. Cren-Olive, C. Rolando, and E. Martin (2003), Protein studies in cultural heritage, in Saiz-Jimenez, C. (ed.), Molecular Biology and Cultural Heritage, Proc. Int. Congress on Molecular Biology and Cultural Heritage in Sevilla, Spain, March 4—7, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 119-130. 

The first application of ANNs to pyrolysis mass spectra from biological samples was by Goodacre, Kell, and Bianchi.96,97 This study permitted the rapid and exquisitely sensitive assessment of the adulteration of extra-virgin olive oils with various seed oils, a task that previously was labor intensive and difficult. Since this study other laboratories have increasingly sought to apply ANNs to the deconvolution and interpretation of pyrolysis mass spectra, the aim being to expand the application of the PyMS technique from microbial characterisation to the rapid and quantitative analysis of the chemical constituents of microbial and other biological samples. 

Fantozzi et al. [73] presents the study of the carbon footprint of a typical food product in Central Italy truffle sauce. This is a mixture of vegetable oil and truffle in proportions of 33% and 67% respectively and minor components and spices (garlic, salt, pepper, etc.). Both truffles and olives are cultivated and harvested in a farm in Umbria (Italy). Olives are crushed in a mill that is situated few kilometers from the farm. Once it has been produced, the extra virgin oil, together with the truffle, is transported to another facility to produce bottled truffle sauce. The carbon footprint calculation is based on ISO 14076 technical standard. Product Category Rules (PCR) have been developed (see Table 7). 

Oliver, SE, D Gunnell, J Donovan et al. 2004. Screen-detected prostate cancer and the insulin-like growth factor axis results of a population-based case-control study (United States). Int J Cancer 108(6) 887-892. 

Napper AM, Head NJ, Oliver AM et al (2002) Use of U-shaped donor-bridge-acceptor molecules to study electron tunneling through nonbonded contacts. J Am Chem Soc 124 10171-10181... 

Specific effluents have also been subjected to WRF-mediated remediation studies. Decolourization, dechlorination and detoxification of highly toxic bleach plant effluents derived from the pulp and paper industry have been reported [26-28], while degradation and decolourization of synthetic dyes due to the non-specificity of the LMEs have been widely documented [29, 30], Likewise, treatment of the acidic, phenolic-rich olive oil mill wastewater has shown COD reduction, decolourization and dephenolization [31-34],... 

Figure 2.69 Cyclic voltammograms recorded for a 7500A-thick Ni(OH>2 film on a nickel electrode in 8M KOH. Scan rate=lmVs 1, The periods of ageing are shown in hours. Reprinted from Electrochimica Acta, 31, M. Fleischmann, A, Oliver and J. Robinson, tn situ X-ray diffraction studies of the electrode solution interface, pp. 899-906 (1986), with kind permission from Pcrgamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 0X3 OBW, UK,...

In the present study, we have focused our attention on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of p-coumaric acid over (Al-Fe)PILC. This phenolic molecule was chosen as a representative of the biologically recalcitrant polyphenolic compounds present in olive oil processing and wine distillery wastewaters. 

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