Refinery oils

Of course, some processes do not require a reactor, e.g., some oil refinery processes. Here, the design starts with the sepauration system and moves outward to the heat exchanger network and utilities. However, the basic hierarchy prevails. 

Steel framed buildings Steel bridges Fertilizer factories Oil refineries Chemical industries Pharmaceutical industries Machinery parts... 

Gas flaring in offshore installations and oil refineries represents a source of loss of energy making it important to operators and authorities to monitor the amounts of flared gas. In some countries the flare gas is subject to CO2 tax. Flow metering systems are installed on some but not all flare systems. 

Oil recycling Oil Recycling Act Oil Red [85-83-6] Oil refineries Oil reprocessing Oil re-refimng Oil resistance... 

Sources of human exposure to formaldehyde are engine exhaust, tobacco smoke, natural gas, fossil fuels, waste incineration, and oil refineries (129). It is found as a natural component in fmits, vegetables, meats, and fish and is a normal body metaboHte (130,131). FaciUties that manufacture or consume formaldehyde must control workers exposure in accordance with the following workplace exposure limits in ppm action level, 0.5 TWA, 0.75 STEL, 2 (132). In other environments such as residences, offices, and schools, levels may reach 0.1 ppm HCHO due to use of particle board and urea—formaldehyde foam insulation in constmction. 

A simple, low cost steel for high temperature service in electric power generation (qv) is the C—0.5% Mo steel known as carbon—half moly, which was widely used for many years. The power industry and oil refineries have turned to 1.25% Cr—0.5% Mo and 2.25% Cr—1% Mo steels for high stress and high temperature service, because these steels have improved resistance to graphitization and oxidation, as weU as higher creep and mpture strength. 

Phenols. The first stable ozone oxidation product of phenol in water is ds ds-raucomc acid, which requires - 2 mol O /mol phenol. In practice, larger dosage levels of ozone are required because other ozone-reactive substances are present in most wastes. Ozone oxidation of phenoHc effluents is employed in paper mills, coke mills, oil refineries, and thermoplastic resin manufacture, producing effluents that are safe to freshwater biota (122,123) (see Lignin Pulp). 

Example Fractionation of Fatty Acids. A mixture of waste acids from a vegetable oil refinery are to be separated into five fractions as shown in Table 1. 

Ambient-cure systems are often based on lower molecular-weight soHd epoxy resins cured with aUphatic polyamines or polyamides. Curing normally occurs at ambient temperatures with a working life (pot life) of 8—24 h, depending on the formulation. Epoxy—poly amine systems are typically used for maintenance coatings in oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and in many marine appHcations. Such coverings are appHed by spray or bmsh. These are used widely where water immersion is encountered, particularly in marine appHcations (see COATINGS, MARINE). 

The current widespread interest in MFC techniques was initiated by pioneering research performed by two industrial groups in the 1970s. Shell Oil (Houston, TX) reported their Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) approach in 1979, while a similar technique, marketed as IDCOM, was published by a small French company, ADERSA, in 1978. Since then, there have been over one thousand applications of these and related MFC techniques in oil refineries and petrochemical plants around the world. Thus, MFC has had a substantial impact and is currently the method of choice for difficult multivariable control problems in these industries. However, relatively few applications have been reported in other process industries, even though MFC is a veiy general approach that is not limited to a particular industiy. 

The combination of MPC and frequent on-line optimization has been successfully applied in oil refineries and petrochemical plants around the world. 

A common form of turbine pump is the vertical pump, which has the pump element mounted at the bottom of a column that serves as the discharge pipe (see Fig. 10-46). Such units are immersed in the liquid to be pumped and are commonly used for wells, condenser circulating water, large-volume drainage, etc. Another form of the pump has a shell surrounding the pumping element which is connected to the intake pipe. In this form, the pump is used on condensate service in power plants and for process work in oil refineries. 

Several units are used for sulfite-paper-mill waste-liquor disposal. At least six units are used for oil-refinery wastes, whicdi sometimes include a mixture of liquid sludges, emulsions, and caustic waste... 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas The term liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is applied to certain specific hydrocarbons which can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal temperatures but are gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions. The chief constituents of LPG are propane, propylene, butane, butylene, and isobutane. LPG produced in the separation of heavier hydrocarbons from natural gas is mainly of the paraffinic (saturated) series. LPG derived from oil-refinery gas may contain varying low amounts of olefinic (unsaturated) hydrocamons. 

Effluents of oil refineries, textile mills, power stations, pulp mills, sewage treatment works, vegetable oil factories... 

In those days, there were no oil refineries, nor bottlers of carbonated soda, nor sulfuric acid plants. There was only one liquid to consider, and move in large quantities. .. fresh water from the mountains. With only one liquid under consideration, fresh water, and no. sophisticated instrumentation, they measured the water s force, or pressure, in terms of elevation. It is for this reason that today all over the world, pump manufacturers u.se the term Head measured in meters or feet of elevation to express pre.ssure or force. The term flow expresses volume over time, such as gallons per minute, or cubic meters per second. 

Figure 4-48. A two-stage cyclone system. (Source Bill Dougherty, BP Oil Refinery Marcus Hook, PA.)...

Pocock, A., Economies of Power Recovery from Flue Gases of an Oil Refinery Catalytic Cracking Unit, Paper from Thermofluids Conference, Dec. 1-3, 1976, Hobart, Australia. 

It would be an understatement to say that the gas expander turbine forms a major part of the power train. Evaluating off-design performance for the expander installed in the Sinopec Jinan Oil Refinery is presented as an example of an appropriate evaluation method. It should be noted that calculations are based on actual field measurements and plant experience. 

Source Zhang and Wang, Sinopec Jinan Oil Refinery, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China. 

Specification of power train in Sinopec Jinan oil refinery... 

Preferable to recirculating where acceptable vaporization rates can be maintained (less than 25-30%). This type is chosen when there is a need to minimize exposure of degradable and/or fouling substances to high temperatures. Used for large duties, dirty process, and frequent cleaning required. The process is usually in the shell side. This type is used in 95% of oil refinery thermosyphon applications. 

Finally, in this Introduction, it is worthwhile to reproduce one of the several current definitions, in the Oxford English Dictionary, of the word simulate To imitate the conditions or behaviour of (a situation or process) by means of a model, especially for the purpose of study or training specifically, to produce a computer model of (a process) . The Dictionary quotes this early (1958) passage from a text on high-speed data processing A computer can simulate a warehouse, a factory, an oil refinery, or a river system, and if due regard is paid to detail the imitation can be very exact . Clearly, in 1958 the scientific uses of computer simulation were not yet thought worthy of mention, or perhaps the authors did not know about them. 

Spirits manufacturing is a sophisticated technology, but in general process operations are less complex and demanding as in the case of oil refinery operations. Often the technology may be described as being closer to an art as opposed to an exact science, but clearly engineering principles for distillation, filtration and batchwise type operations are meticulously employed. 

Corrective Action Application Fluidized bed incineration has been used to incinerate municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge, oil refinery waste, some pharmaceutical wastes, and some chemical wastes including phenolic waste, and methyl methacrylate. Heat recovery is piossible. 

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