Design start

Figure 1.2 Process design starts with the reactor. The reactor design dictates the separation and recycle problem. (From Smith and Linnhoff, Trans. IChemE, ChERD, 66 195, 1988 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.)...

Our attempt to develop a methodology will be helped if we have a clearer picture of the structure of the problem. If the process requires a reactor, this is where the design starts. This is likely to be the only... 

Of course, some processes do not require a reactor, e.g., some oil refinery processes. Here, the design starts with the sepauration system and moves outward to the heat exchanger network and utilities. However, the basic hierarchy prevails. 

Since process design starts with the reactor, the first decisions are those which lead to the choice of reactor. These decisions are among the most important in the whole design. Good reactor performance is of paramount importance in determining the economic viability of the overall design and fundamentally important to the environmental impact of the process. In addition to the desired products, reactors produce unwanted byproducts. These unwanted byproducts create environmental problems. As we shall discuss later in Chap. 10, the best solution to environmental problems is not elaborate treatment methods but not to produce waste in the first place. 

We now have a new problem Where does the necessary alkene come from Alkenes are prepared from alcohols by acid catalyzed dehydration (Section 5 9) or from alkyl halides by dehydrohalogenation (Section 5 14) Because our designated starting material is tert butyl alcohol we can combine its dehydration with bromohydrm formation to give the correct sequence of steps... 

Show by wnting a suitable series of equations how you could prepare each of the follow ing compounds from the designated starting materials and any necessary organic or inorganic reagents... 

Selecting the core material and style for a switching power supply application is often viewed as a dart board type of selection process by a designer starting his or her first transformer design. Although almost every core material and... 

First commercial FCC unit (Model I upflow design) started up at Standard of New Jersey s Baton Rouge, Louisiana, refinery. 

Product design starts by one visualizing a certain material, makes approximate... 

The design starting point must always be a comprehensive, fully representative, and ionically balanced water analysis that includes... 

The technical evaluation of a process includes the determination of the technical risk during design, start-up, and operation of the process. Factors increasing the technical risk are ... 

The designer starts with the set of all possible solutions bounded by the external constraints, and by a process of progressive evaluation and selection, narrows down the range of candidates to find the best design for the purpose. 

STATE OF OPERATION DESIGN START UP NORMAL OPERATION SHUTDOWN BASIC MATERIALS) FOR MATERIAL FACTOR ... 

This pattern describes how to build a design starting from scratch. This route is suitable when you re designing a computer system or subsystem with no existing installation, no available major components to reuse, and no existing model of the business. 

The designs for this kind of experimentation can be built up similarly to the factorial designs, starting with the simple case in which only two materials are mixed together. The effective number of variables will be one less than the number of ingredients. 

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