Measuring head

The measured head h it) is obtained from the pressure transducer... 

Gyro-compass This provides a measured heading proportional to the aetual heading... 

The efficiency of the existing systems is unlikely to be measured. Head counts of staff dedicated to PSM and ESH, and costs of PSM and ESH investments will be available. However, these provide no measure of efficiency and are probably inaccurate anyway. Other staff contribute part-time to PSM and ESH, and most projects will have benefits beyond PSM and ESH improvement. You should attempt to gather information on matters such as the time it takes to respond to new requirements and the annual costs of accidents, incidents, and noncompliances. These data will provide a baseline from which you can measure improvement as the integration project moves forward. 

An interesting description of a commercial tin-plate installation appears in a special issue of the Norelco Reporter Each side of the coated steel strip can be traversed continuously by a separate measuring head, and the results appear on a two-pen strip-chart recorder located near the 4 x 2 x 9-foot dual electronic rack that energizes and regulates the two measuring heads some 100 feet away. 

A number of other viscometers were also used, including Haake CV100 and RV3 models. The latter was coupled with a D40/300 measuring head and oil bath circulator for measurements above 100 C. Back pressures up to 4 bar were used and measurements made up to about 160°C. 

The latter applies to NIR spectroscopy used for the non-invasive determination of blood glucose by means of a fibre-optical measuring-head (Jagemann et al. [1995] Muller et al. [1997] Danzer et al. [1998]). In addition to the weak overtone and combination bands resulting from glucose, strongly disturbing absorption of water, that is the main component... 

Differential photocalorimetry (DPC) is included here since the instrument used is essentially an adaptation of DSC instrumentation. The photocalorimeter comprises a DSC instrument with a UV/visible source mounted on top, such that light of appropriate wavelength or wavelength region from the source is focused onto the measuring head (both reference and sample pans). The most frequent use of DPC is in the study of polymer cure reactions, but it may also be used to follow such as UV degradation. 

Fig. 1.23. Monitor AW 2. In the foreground right Sample vial with measuring electrodes and resistance thermometer, behind to the left the control- and analysis unit. The storage of LN2 and its control valve are not shown. The resistance in the measuring head has to be large compared with the resistance to measure e. g. 1011 1 (photograph AMSCO Finn-Aqua, D-50354 Hiirth).

Fig. 1.49. NMR analyzer NMS 120 minispec from the NMS 100 minispec serie. Measurements below room temperature require a special measuring head, which is cooled by a cryostat (photograph Bruker, Analytische MeBtechnik GmbH, D-76287 Rheinstetten, Germany).

UV intensity measurements were made with an International Light 700A Research Radiometer. The measuring head was tightly covered with aluminum foil for zeroing, and then exposed to the lamp output under exactly the same conditions as the actual samples (i.e., same distance, angle, elevation, etc.). The results of these experiments were used to evaluate the quantum yield or efficiency of the photochemical process. Specifically, photolysis of AETSAPPE... 

As far as the equipment is concerned, the miniaturization of many components has lead to construction of smaller apparatus without sacrificing the accuracy, efficiency or versatility. Of importance for this development was also the availability of better and new construction materials, e.g. for measuring heads, thermocouples, furnaces etc. 

A force measuring element permanently attached to the test piece holding jig may be the preferred way of monitoring the force and it certainly eliminates some instrumental problems. However, as mentioned earlier, cost considerations have resulted in most apparatus having individual jigs which are placed under a single force measuring head in turn. 

Apparatus, such as that developed at RAPRA13, has been designed to reduce as far as possible operator dependence. A load cell is driven onto the jig by a pneumatic ram at the moment when a very small additional compression on the test piece is detected electrically, the ram is automatically stopped, the force reading digitally recorded and the ram reversed. The Rapra measuring head can be used with a variety of jig designs including Lucas. 

Roller type measuring head 30 cc. Operating conditions temperature of the thermo-statted bowI—187°C. Speed of the rotors=30 rpm. Load applied to the arm — 12 kg. 

Construction of the measurement head where the materials as well as the... 

Note that in some equations, the values of constants are a function of the system of units used. These constants have dimensions and are known as dimensional constants. For example, many flowmeters measure volumetric flow rates, Qv, by measuring heads of fluids, Ah. Typically, Qv oc a/Ah or Qv = csfKh. Here, as Qv[f y[Ah, c is a dimensional constant. Dimensionally, L3T-1[=] cs/L or c [=] L2 5T 1, and the value of c will depend upon the units of both Qr and Ah. 

Rheological measurements Two instruments were used to investigate the rheology of the suspensions. The first was a Haake Rotovisko model RV2(MSE Scientific Instruments, Crawley, Sussex, England) fitted with an MK50 measuring head. This instrument was used to obtain steady state shear stress-shear rate curves. From these curves information can be obtained on the viscosity as a function of shear rate. The yield value may be obtained by extrapolation of the linear portion of the shear stress-shear rate curve to zero shear rate. The procedure has been described before (3). 

Rotovisco unit with a DMK 50/500 dual measuring head. The torque on the viscometer bob twists a spiral spring inside the measuring head the angular displacement of the spring is proportional to shear stress, and is converted to an electrical signal that is plotted on an X-Y recorder as a function of the rotational speed of the bob (shear rate). 

In addition to the bands already discussed a second progression appears at about one-quarter of the intensity, the heads showing a fairly constant separation to higher frequencies from those of the main system. The bands appear to belong to a second multiplet component, the whole forming a doublet system and over the nine measured heads in Table II the doublet splitting decreases from 200 cm. to about 185 cm. 

Slurry can be rinsed out of the measurement area by DI water dispensed from nozzles around the optical head s window, so that a clear image can be input. (Fig. 12) The gap between the wafer surface and measurement head is completely filled with DI water to prevent image... 

The measuring head connects the sample plate via high frequency capable relay matrices (multiplexers, model KRE-2450-TFCU, MTS-Systemtechnik, 3) to the measuring instruments (1, 2). The setup is usable for complex impedance spectroscopy... 

The Plasticorder, described as a "torque rheometer" by the supplier, is one version of a practical tool well known and used in the plastics and rubber industries. We believe that our use of the Plasticorder as a polymerization reactor may be unique, and that the instrument is probably not well known in polymer science laboratories, so we felt it appropriate to picture it. Additional detail of the mixing chamber/measuring head and the removable sigma blade rotors is also pictured (see Photographs A, B, and C). 

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