Objective of study

Identification of the intermediates in a multistep reaction is a major objective of studies of reaction mechanisms. When the nature of each intermediate is fairly well understood, a great deal is known about the reaction mechanism. The amount of an intermediate present in a reacting system at any instant of time will depend on the rates of the steps by which it is formed and the rate of its subsequent reaction. A qualitative indication of the relationship between intermediate concentration and the kinetics of the reaction can be gained by considering a simple two-step reaction mechanism ... 

In a continuous reaction process, the true residence time of the reaction partners in the reactor plays a major role. It is governed by the residence time distribution characteristic of the reactor, which gives information on backmixing (macromixing) of the throughput. The principal objectives of studies into the macrokinetics of a process are to estimate the coefficients of a mathematical model of the process and to validate the model for adequacy. For this purpose, a pilot plant should provide the following ... 

Since the compartmentalization occurs as a result of microphase separation of an amphiphilic polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution, an aqueous system is the only possible object of study. This limitation is a disadvantage from a practical point of view. Our recent studies, however, have shown that this disadvantage can be overcome with a molecular composite of an amphiphilic polyelectrolyte with a surfactant molecule [129], This composite was dissolvable in organic solvents and dopable in polymer film, and the microphase structure was found to remain unchaged in the composite. This finding is important, because it has made it possible to extend the study on photo-systems involving the chromophore compartmentalization to organic solutions and polymer solid systems. 

Scientists commonly interpret a theory in terms of a model, a simplified version of the object of study. Like hypotheses, theories and models must be subjected to experiment and revised if experimental results do not support them. For example, our current model of the atom has gone through many formulations and progressive revisions, starting from Dalton s vision of an atom as an uncut-table solid sphere to our current much more detailed model, which is described in Chapter 1. One of the main goals of this text is to show you how to build models, turn them into a testable form, and then refine them in the light of additional evidence. 

Normally, fermentation processes can be classified depending on the objective of study. For example, in terms of products fermentation is divided into 4 types, namely, microbial cell, microbial enzyme, microbial metabolite and transformation process. If considering due to its contaminating conditions, it will be classified into 3 types septic, semi-septic and aseptic fermentation. However, in general, the fermentation processed are classified into 3 types as follows. 

Other hand the dichlorophosphate groups represent interesting objects of study as far as their different ways of coordination are concerned (I—V), going from the monofunc-tional dichlorophosphate group (I) to the ion (II) and the trifunctional structural element (V) ... 

The close connection of this enzyme family with the transfer of genetic information has made it a popular object of study when dealing with questions regarding the formation and evolution of the genetic code (see Sect. 8.1). It is now agreed that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a very ancient enzyme species which do not, however, arise from one single primeval enzyme, but from at least two, corresponding to the synthetase classes. 

The topical homochirality problem is presently being investigated in several research laboratories across the world. One new object of study is systems with eutectic mixtures. The addition of chiral dicarboxylic acids that co-crystallise with chiral amino acids to aqueous mixtures of d- and L-amino acids allows tuning of the eutectic composition of the amino acids in several cases, these systems yield new eutectic compositions of 98% ee or higher. Thus, solid mixed crystals with a ratio... 

The structure of the micelles remains an object of study and controversy. A series of models has been proposed that attempt to explain the experimental evidence. In this study the chronological order of publication of the four most important models has been considered. 

Heterogeneous catalysis is widely used in technology for gas-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons to alcohols, aldehydes, epoxides, anhydrides, etc. Homogeneous catalysis predominates in the liquid-phase oxidation technology. Nevertheless, a series of experimental studies was devoted in the 1970s to 1990s to heterogeneous catalysis. The main objects of study were metal oxides and metals as catalysts. 

Zemplar (paricalcitol) injection is a synthetically manufactured selective vitamin D receptor activator (SVDRA) indicated for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5. The U.S. Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved a capsule form of Zemplar for development to satisfy a need for an oral formulation. The objective of study M04-693 was to assess the bioequivalencies of several dosage strengths of paricalcitol capsules under fasting conditions. 

The objective of study M06-830 is to evaluate the bioavailability of fenofibric acid from the fenofibric acid choline salt formulation manufactured at full production scale at Abbott Laboratories Puerto Rico facility relative to the bioavailability of (1) the fenofibric acid choline salt formulation used in Phase 3 trials and manufactured at the Abbott Park facility, and (2) the 200 mg micronized fenofibrate capsule. 

The related neologism omes are the objects of study, such as genomes or proteomes, respectively. 

Abstract Chemists may find it difficult to admit that their concepts and opportunities have always been strongly influenced by the available methods for characterization and analysis. Physics, has, of course, the lead when it comes to the visualization of single molecules in real space and to the detection of their specific, not ensemble-averaged properties. The challenge for chemistry is to provide molecules as objects of study which really disclose new concepts of structure and function. This chapter presents a chemical approach toward nanosciences which comprises (i) design and synthesis, (ii) immobilization, often using principles of self-assembly, (iii) visualization, e.g. by scanning probe... 

Type of Study Objective of Study Study Examples... 

The low rate of 1 % annual energy-efficiency improvement over the last 35 years raises more questions. What are the major obstacles and market imperfections that have to be addressed by policy measures in order to speed up the realisation of energy and material efficiency potentials Since obstacles and market imperfections have been the object of study for a long time (IPCC, 2001), are there any additional concepts of motivation or opportunities which have not yet been applied but which are likely to speed up activities and markets for realising energy efficiency options ... 

A field study was conducted by Larson et al. [31] to characterise the impact of effluent discharges on a sandy soil about 0.5 m below the surface. A 2.5 m thick unsaturated zone and a 3—4 m thick unconfined sand/gravel aquifer underlaid the tile field. LAS concentrations in the effluent plume decreased over a distance of 10 m from 10 000 to 30 xg L-1. A further object of study was a laundromat pond exposed to LAS-containing sewage for more than 25 years. A clay layer separated the natural pond from the vadose zone made up of porous sand. Measurements of LAS levels as a function of soil depth beneath the pond showed a rapid decrease from about 220 mg kg-1 at 30 cm to... 

In the history of science, as in the history of technology, incomplete successes or outright failures have attracted little attention. This neglect may be because historians see few advantages in linking their names to a forgotten episode. Also, such episodes are often more difficult to handle than success stories precisely because the main interest of such stories almost always lies behind or beside the ostensible object of study. 

In distinguishing physicists and chemists on the basis of the identity criterion of values and problems, it is appropriate to emphasize the molecule as the heart of the chemists problem-solving concerns. Historically, the chemist s molecules have differed from the physicist s objects of study not just in linear scale but in the multifunctionality of the chemical molecule s character and behavior and in its capacity for generating wholly new objects, in addition to moving through space. The natural history tradition of chemistry is just as important as its natural philosophy tradition. 

P group elements. Molecules with p group elements already have been studied with the P3 approximation and they probably will remain inviting objects of study with this method. Errors obtained for the p group elements (Table 5.5) are somewhat larger than those found for organic molecules. Groups VI and VH are especially problematic. 

There are, of course, limits to the studies possible within the framework of surface reactivity. These limits are imposed largely by the sensitivities of the techniques employed, though in some cases the limitations do arise from a lack of surface definition. It is impossible to prepare a surface totally free of contaminants or undesired defects such as step edges or kinks. Therefore, since one of the major objectives of studies with single crystals is to associate reactivity with specific structural and compositional features of the surface, reaction events that occur in numbers close to the limiting defect or impurity concentrations must be viewed with suspicion and very care-... 

---