Solids table

The complexity of the typical solid deformation response can be further compounded by the presence of one or more polymorphic phase transformations, and a host of other phenomena typical of solids. Table 1.1 lists a number of such phenomena. 

Micromechanical Considerations in Shock Compression of Solids Table A.l. Shock-change equations (exact) A = (pcJpoUf. 

Water purification and recycling is now a major industry.The method of treatment depends on the source of the water, the use envisaged and the volume required. Luckily the human body is very tolerant to changes in the composition of drinking water, and in many communities this may contain 0.5 gl or more of dissolved solids (Table 14.7). Prior treatment may consist of coagulation (by addition of alum or chlorinated FeS04 to produce floes of Al(OH)3 or Fe(OH)3), filtration, softening (removal of... 

The size of an atom is defined in terms of the interatomic distances that are found in solids and in gaseous molecules containing that atom. For an atom on the left side of the periodic table, gaseous molecules are obtained only at very high temperatures. At normal temperatures, solids are found and there are two important types to consider, metallic solids and ionic solids. Table 21-11 shows the nearest neighbor distances in the... 

The XRD patterns demonstrated that the MCM-22 zeolites were well crystallized and pillars have been created in the MCM-36 sample, respectively. Thus, the last material exhibited a typical intense peak at 29 2°, corresponding to a Aspacing of 4 nm. The textural properties of solids (Table 1) indicated that the pillaring in MCM-36 resulted in increases in BET specific surface area and external surface area compared with the MCM-22 zeolite. 

The epoxide selectivity did not depend noticeably on the gross structural features of the catalyst. For instance, the selectivity in the epoxidation of 4 is about 85% on all solids (Table XIII). 

Place die tester in a level position on a solid table free of vibration, in a location free of perceptible draft, and in a dim light. Maintain a room temp of 75—5 F (24t3 O thru-out the test... 

EXAMPLE 10.5 Particle Engulfment by An Advancing Solidification Front. Experiments were conducted at 80°C in which the solidification front of naphthalene was observed to either engulf or reject dispersed particles of several solids. Table 10.6 lists the observed engulfment (E) or rejection (R) behavior for various systems as well as the surface tensions of the various substances. The surface tensions of solid and liquid naphthalene at 80°C are 26.4 and 32.8 mJ m 2, respectively. Is the surface tension criterion cited above consistent with these observations How might any inconsistencies be explained Evaluate the product (7j/2 - 7i1/2)(t2/2 -7l/2) for these systems. 

A second type of surface reaction involves bonding of the organic compounds with atoms (e.g., metals) exposed on the surface of the solid (Table 11.4). In these cases a water or a hydroxyl bound to a metal on the solid is displaced by the organic sorbate ... 

To keep track of the minerals that might form, we tried to assess the possible combinations of dissolved species to form solids. Table VII... 

Standard molar entropies make it possible to compare the entropies of different substances under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. It s apparent from Table 17.1, for example, that the entropies of gaseous substances tend to be larger than those of liquids, which, in turn, tend to be larger than those of solids. Table 17.1 also shows that S° values increase with increasing molecular complexity. Compare, for example, CH3OH, which has S° = 127 J/(K mol), to CH3CH2OH, which has S° = 161 J/(K mol). 

Salt water freezes at a lower temperature than water. The salt water does not freeze because the temperature is not tow enough to make the salt water change to a solid. Table salt is sodium chloride. When sodium chloride is placed in water, it breaks into positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions. The sodium and chlorine ions prevent the water molecules from getting next to each other and forming a solid. 

Solid Phase Analyses. Portions of the Np solids from several suspensions were removed after 200 days, rinsed and dissolved in HC1. The Np oxidation state analyses of the dissolved solids (Table II) indicate that while the solids from various low pH suspensions contain predominantly Np(IV), high pH suspensions contain Np solids of mixed-Np oxidation states. Even though the TTA values are lower, the sum of the extracted and non-extracted neptunium (relative to the total Np solution concentration) does not account for all the Np. This may indicate that the Np(IV) values could be higher. Recoveries in predominantly Np(V) solutions were nearly 100%. 

Benzo[c]thiophene is a colorless low-melting solid (Table V) with a strong naphthalenelike odor. It is stable only as a solid under nitrogen for a few days at -30° (see Section II). The benzo[c]thio-phene ring system can be stabilized, however, by suitable substitution, particularly at the highly reactive 1- and 3-positions. Thus, for... 

Thiols range over the gamut of physical properties. Most of the important thiols are liquids, however methanethiol is a gas, and 1-hexadecanethiol and 1-octadecanethiol are waxy solids. Tables 2 and 3 list a variety of physical properties for the more important thiols. 

In the case of aldehydes and ketones, several C=N forming reactions were used to make derivatives. The most common of these are shown in the following equations. Note that each reagent has an electronegative group substituted on the NH2. This helps shift the equilibrium toward the product and makes it more likely to be a solid. Tables of the melting points of these derivatives for common aldehydes and ketones can be found in many reference books. 

To summarize, the state of a substance depends on the forces between the particles of that substance. If the forces are very strong, that substance is likely to exist as a solid. If the forces are weaker, that substance will exist as a liquid, or as a gas. The state of a non-polar substance also depends on the size of the molecule. Smaller non-polar molecules are more likely to be gases. Larger non-polar molecules will probably exist as liquids or even solids. Table 11.1 shows the forces discussed in this section ranked in order of strength. 

There is little doubt that the basic species formed when almost any compound MnX2 is dissolved in water204,205 is [Mn(H20)6]2+. It is seen in various crystalline solids, and the solution data give no real hint that we need to suspect the other coordination polyhedra, either higher or lower, are present in the aqueous solutions. So, [Mn(H20)6]2+ it is—mainly on the basis205 of the optical spectra and correlation with the crystalline solids. In this respect, we note that XAFS studies on aqueous solutions derive an Mn—OH2 distance of 2.18 A, in good agreement with the observed distances in solids (Table 1). 

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