Metabolite microbial

Lancini, G., and R. Lorenzetti, Biotechnology of Antibiotics and Other Bioactive Microbial Metabolites, Plenum, New York, 1993. 

Vanek, Z., and Z. Hostalek, Oveiproduction of Microbial Metabolites, Butterworth/Heinemann, Stoneham, Massachusetts, 1986. 

Normally, fermentation processes can be classified depending on the objective of study. For example, in terms of products fermentation is divided into 4 types, namely, microbial cell, microbial enzyme, microbial metabolite and transformation process. If considering due to its contaminating conditions, it will be classified into 3 types septic, semi-septic and aseptic fermentation. However, in general, the fermentation processed are classified into 3 types as follows. 

In addition, the formation of terminal metabolites may be adverse either for the organism itself, or for other organisms in the ecosystem. Microbial metabolites may also undergo purely chemical reactions to compounds that are terminal products. Examples include the formation of 5-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylate from 5-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonate (Nortemann et al. 1993) or benzo[fc]naphtho[l,2- /]thiophene from benzothiophene (Kropp et al. 1994). Microbial metabolites may be toxic to both the bacteria producing them and to higher organisms. Illustrative examples of toxicity include the following ... 

Extraction of rhizosphere soil (22,34,51,52) is an approach that can provide information about long-term accumulation of rhizosphere products (root exudates and microbial metabolites) in the soil. Culture systems, which separate root compartments from adjacent bulk soil compartments by steel or nylon nets (52-54) have been employed to study radial gradients of rhizosphere products in the root environment. The use of different extraction media can account for different adsorption characteristics of rhizosphere products to the soil matrix (22,34). However, even extraction with distilled water for extended periods (>10 min) may... 

When using microbial products for mammalian metabolite identification, it is suggested to compare all the analytical data available. For example, slight differences in MS2 or MS3 spectra may indicate that the microbial products are not the same as the mammalian metabolite. Owing to matrix effects, HPLC retention time often varies from run to run, so it is good practice to spike a comparable amount of purified microbial product into the in vitro, in vivo or purified samples that contain the mammalian metabolite of interest. If the microbial metabolite and the mammalian metabolite are the same compound, then they should co-elute under different HPLC conditions, including different solvent pH, and the MS and/or UV peak area would increase accordingly. 

Demain, A.L. and Adrio, J.L. (2008) Strain improvement for production of pharmaceuticals and other microbial metabolites by fermentation. Progress in Drug Research, 65, 251, 253-289. 

Thiericke, R. and Rohr, J. (1993) Biological variation of microbial metabolites by precursor-directed biosynthesis. Natural Product Reports, 10 (3), 265-289. 

Hufford et al [57] used proton and 13C NMR spectrometric data to establish the novel sulfur-containing microbial metabolite of primaquine. Microbial metabolic studies of primaquine using Streptomyces roseochromogenus produced an A-acety-lated metabolite and a methylene-linked dimeric product, both of which have been previously reported, and a novel sulfur-containing microbial metabolite. The structure of the metabolite as an S-linked dimer was proposed on the basis of spectral and chemical data. The molecular formula C34H44N604S was established from field-desorption mass spectroscopy and analytical data. The 1H- and 13C NMR spectra data established that the novel metabolite was a symmetrical substituted dimer of primaquine A-acetate with a sulfur atom linking the two units at carbon 5. The metabolite is a mixture of stereoisomers, which can equilibrate in solution. This observation was confirmed by microbial synthesis of the metabolite from optically active primaquine. 

Hufford et al. [57] used proton and 13C NMR spectrometric data to establish the novel sulfur containing microbial metabolite of primaquine. Microbial metabolic studies of primaquine using S. roseochromogenus produced an A-acctylatcd metabolite and a methylene linked dimeric product, both of which have been previously reported, and a novel sulfur containing microbial metabolite. 

Lynch W (1990b) Microbial metabolites. In Lynch JM (ed) The rhizosphere. 

With advances in methods of isolation and cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria, and the striking bioactivity of other microbial metabolites, research into the chemistry of culturable algae has escalated since the 1990s. Metabolites from these... 

Stone, A. T. (1987), "Microbial Metabolites and the Reductive Dissolution of Manganese Oxides Oxalate and Pyruvate", Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 919-925. 

Microbial natural product chemistiy has generated a number of bioactive natural products. For instance cyclosporine A FK506 and rapamycin are used as immunosuppressants [16]. Other examples of microbial metabolites, having potential biomedical application include antihyperlipidemics, lovastatin and guggulsterone [17, 18]. The crude extracts of Mucor plumbeus exhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibition activity. Our detailed chromatographic work on this crude extract resulted in the isolation of mucoralactone A (11), a novel steroid containing a lactone moeity incorporated in its structure. 

Miller, M. W. The Pfizer Handbook of Microbial Metabolites. New York, Toronto, London McGraw Hill Book Company Inc. 1961. 

Abiotic catalysis is generally less important than biotic but may be important. Examples are Mn(lll,IV) and Fe(III) reduction by microbial metabolites, and Fe(ll) oxidation which is catalysed by sorption onto soil particles. 

Seymour. D.T., Verbeek, A.G., Hrudey, S.E.,and Fedorak, P.M. Acutetoxicity and aqueous solubility of some thiophenes and their microbial metabolites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16(4) 658-665,1997. 

Ziihlke S, Diinnbier U, Heberer T (2004) Detection and identification of phenazone-type drugs and their microbial metabolites in ground and drinking water applying solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1050 201-209... 

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