Eutectics with

Unique adsorption selectivities are employed in the separation of Cg aromatic isomers, a classical problem that caimot be easily solved by distillation, crystallisation, or solvent extraction (10). Although -xylene [106-42-3] can be separated by crystallisation, its recovery is limited because of the formation of eutectic with / -xylene [108-58-3]. However, either -xylene, / -xylene, (9-xylene [95-47-6] or ethylbensene [100-41-4] can be extracted selectively by suitable modification of seoUtic adsorbents. 

Liquid Metals. If operating temperatures rise above 250—300°C, where many organic fluids decompose and water exerts high vapor pressure, hquid metals have found some use, eg, mercury for limited appHcation in turbines sodium, especially its low melting eutectic with 23 wt % potassium, as a hydrauhc fluid and coolant in nuclear reactors and potassium, mbidium, cesium, and gallium in some special uses. 

Eutectics melting at about —30, —47, and —40° C are formed in the binary systems, cesium—sodium at about 9% sodium, cesium—potassium at about 25% potassium, and cesium—mbidium at about 14% mbidium (34). A ternary eutectic with a melting point of about —72°C has the composition 73% cesium, 24% potassium, and 3% sodium. Cesium and lithium are essentially completely immiscible in all proportions. 

Dye, S.R. and Ng, K.M., 1995. Bypassing eutectics with extractive crystallization design alternatives and tradeoffs. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 41, 1456. 

Uranium Short-term tests indicate that the practical upper limit for niobium as a container material for uranium is about 1 400°C . Niobium is dissolved in a uranium-bismuth alloy in less than lOOh at a temperature of 800°C". Uranium eutectics with iron, manganese or nickel, corroded niobium at 800°C and 1 000°C It is significantly attacked by uranium-chromium at 1 000°C . 

Although iron sulphide also forms a eutectic with the metal this melts at 988°C, and at temperatures in the region of 700 to 800°C alloys with substantial proportions of nickel replaced by iron and a chromium level maintained at about 20% show advantages over nickel-chromium-base alloys in resistance to sulphur attack. 

Like PEO-LiCl04, a 6 1 crystalline compound is formed but, in this instance, the weakened interactions between polymer chains [18] contributes to the lowest melting point for any PEO-salt crystalline complex. A eutectic with composition 0 Li = 11 1 forms, provided the PEO molecular chain length is beyond the entanglement threshold [31]. For lower molecular weights, the 6 1 compound dose not crystallize in the presence of excess PEO and a crystallinity gap exists over the range 6 l < 0 Li < 12 1 [26]. 

MNO has been evaluated as being between Tetryl and TNT in performance, but of considerably lower stability because of a hydrolytic action with w (Ref 5). It is reported to form a eutectic with PETN, having the compn MNO 30, PETN 70%, which is liq at 100° and which, cast, passes a rifle-bullet test (Ref 3). A detailed study of the expl properties of MNO is given by MacDougall (Ref 5). MNO and analagous di-... 

Dimethylformamide is also a good solvent for PETN. According to Lang (Ref 15a) at 40°C lOOg of sotn contain 40g PETN at 60°C lOOg of soln contain 50g PETN at 100°C lOOg of soln contain 70g PETN PETN forms eutectics with a number of liq or molten nitro-aromatic compds. The compns and melting points of some of these as reported by Urbanski (Ref 4) are ... 

PETN forms a eutectic with NG which contains 98.5% NG and melts at 12.3° (Ref 6). 

PA forms eutectics with TNT and 2,4,6-trinit roxylene. The former contains about 33% PA and melts at 59°, while the latter contains about 78% PA and melts at 106° (Ref 35)... 

Titanium dichloride forms a low-melting eutectic with sodium chloride, and so the reaction mass is molten at this temperature. Additional sodium is then added to complete the reduction ... 

Boron (finely divided forms) reacts violently with cone, acid and may attain incandescence. The vapour of phosphorus, heated in nitric acid in presence of air, may ignite. Boron phosphide ignites with the cone, acid [1], Silicon crystallised from its eutectic with aluminium reacts violently with cone, acid [2], arsenic may react violently with the fuming acid, and finely divided carbon similarly with cone, acid [3], Use of cone, acid to clean a stainless steel hose contaminated with phosphorus led to an explosion [4],... 

Figure 6.18. In-As phase diagram (at constrained pressure). Notice, (similarly to other III/V phase diagrams) the formation of the congruently melting 1 1 compound which gives two eutectics. The eutectic with In is practically coincident with In. As a consequence, for all the compositions from 0 up to 50 at.% As the primary crystallization of InAs may he obtained.

This is the first example of a direct coupling of a diazo compound in a / position of the thiophene nucleus. The Beckmann rearrangement with the ketoxime of 2-thienylketone was found to give poor yields of the aceto-2-thiopheneamide. Furthermore, the Schmidt reaction using hydrazoic and sulphuric acids was investigated and did give rise to aceto-2-thiopheneamide but probably as an eutectic with the isomeric 2-thenoylmethylamide. 

Treatment of the ammonium salt of 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole (113) with hydrazine hydrate leads to selective reduction of one of the nitro groups to yield 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) (114), a high performance explosive (calculated VOD 8460 m/s) possessing thermal stability (m.p. 238 °C) and an extremely low sensitivity to impact. ANTA (114) is also synthesized from the nitration of 3-acetyl-l,2,4-triazole with anhydrous nitric acid in acetic anhydride at subambient temperature followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl functionality. The ammonium salt of 3,5-dinitro-l,2,4-triazole (113) is itself a useful explosive which forms a eutectic with ammonium nitrate. ... 

Nitrotetrazole is readily prepared from the diazotization of 5-aminotetrazole in the presence of excess sodium nitrite and is best isolated as the copper salt complex with ethylenediamine. The salts of 5-nitrotetrazole have attracted interest for their initiating properties. The mercury salt is a detonating primary explosive. The amine salts of 5-nitrotetrazole are reported to form useful eutectics with ammonium nitrate. ... 

Ibuprofen is known to form eutectics with excipients, resulting in loss of potency due to sublimation. Gordon et al. [47] in a DSC investigation of the compatibility of Ibuprofen with stearate lubricants were able to demonstrate that the melting point of Ibuprofen could be reduced by some 20-30°C, via the formation of eutectic mixtures (see Table 2.5). 

If H2 is evolved, it could be captured by the simultaneously deposited metal to form a hydride, although such a process would require special conditions. Na reacts with molten NaOH forming NaH at 400° (133). It would be worthwhile to study such reactions in cells at temperatures below 150°, using a NaOH + KOH eutectic to which a few percent of water has been added. Further, mixtures of KOH, NaOH, LiOH and of their eutectics, with water, acetone, dioxane (134) and other solvents, may serve as suitable electrolytes for SBs with sodium or other alkali metals. There are certainly interesting possibilities to be explored in this area. 

The V205 and Na20 adhere to and react with the metal surface and form a molten liquid or eutectic with the metal. 

Where the maintenance of a clear channel between sprue and the slowest freezing part of a charge is impractical, cavitation is avoided by casting charges in layers, each of which is allowed to crust over before pouring the next TNT melts at 81°. It forms eutectics with RDX, Tetryl (68°), PETN (76°), and other impurities in the mix and makes these materials more soluble at higher temps. Thus, there is a general tendency for the solid content and, hence, the apparent viscosity of most castable mixts to decrease as the temp is increased. However, a reversal of the tendency toward the reduction in viscosity has been noted in Comp B when it heated above 100°... 

It forms eutectics with.AN, but is immiscible with molten TNT... 

Kaplun-Frischoff Y, Touitou E. Testosterone skin permeation enhancement by menthol through formation of eutectic with drug and interaction with skin lipids. J Pharm Sci 1997 86 1394-1399. 

HC1.H20. The first eutectic is concerned with the system, H20 HC1.3H20 the second eutectic with the two hydrates, HC1.3H20 ... 

HC1.2H20 and the third eutectic with the system, HC1.2H20 HC1.H20. Each of these three systems behaves like ice and brine. The three maxima thus correspond with the three hydrates, HC1.3H20 HC1.2H 0 HC1.H20. 

NENO is a n HE comparable in power brisance to Tetryl and 1.3 times more powerful than TNT. It forms an eutectic with TNT (52% by wt of NENO), melting at 61°... 

Walker (Ref 18) briefly mentions DPE, it eutectic with PE, and a process for separating PE from mixts with DPE, developed by Wyler Wernect... 

Al Li alloys and mixts were used. All of these metals, especially Be, Al Li readily formed protective oxide coatings. When a surface of a base metal was coated with. at least one metal (such as Be or Al) whose oxide formed in admixt with that of the base metal, at least one eutectic with mp below the ignition temp of the base metal, the ig-nitability was improved, and the speed of combustion increased and proceeded to completion. Examples of coated systems and their mp s are given in CA)... 

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