Reflex conditioned

Pavlov, Ivan P., Conditioned Reflexes, translated by G. V. Anrep, London Oxford University Press, 1927... 

Acquired, or conditioned, reflexes are learned responses that require experience or training. 

Unless one identifies internal inhibition with reversible agglomeration of proteins, it is difficult to see what one can do with Pavlov s theory of sleep.10 Sleep and what we call internal inhibition are one and the same process. The fundamental condition of the appearance and development of internal inhibition and sleep is exactly the same. It consists in the more or less prolonged or many times repeated isolated action of a conditioned stimulus producing stimulation of the cellular structures in the cortex. In all cases of internal inhibition which were discussed in the fourth to the seventh lectures drowsiness and sleep were met with continually. In the case of extinction of a conditioned reflex some animals even at the first extinction showed not only a disappearance of the conditioned secretory and corresponding motor reaction but also a great dullness as compared with the normal state of the animal before the extinction. Repetition of extinctions, in the course of a number of days, even if all the conditioned stimuli were reinforced in between, led in every case to an obvious drowsiness and even sleep of the animal in its stand, though no such symptoms had ever previously been observed. 

Equivalent to 25 or 250 pg Ag/kg BW daily for 11 months Brain histopathology altered conditioned reflexes 2... 

Intraventricular Injection of ant1-bra1n antibody on defensive conditioned reflexes. Nature (Lond.), 1968, 218,... 

Tetrahydropalmatine has strong analgesic, sedative, and hypnotic effects 544, 553-563). They are produced by the (—) type hut not by the (+) type. In rabbits the analgesic effect was weaker than that of morphine, but the tolerance for this drug developed at a far slower rate practically without any side effects. In experiments on patients tetrahydropalmatine had a weaker analgesic effect but a stronger hypnotic effect than morphine. Application of doses of 10 mg/kg of tetrahydropalmatine to white mice led to disappearance of the conditioned reflexes whereas the unconditioned reflexes were maintained. For the influence of (+ )-tetrahydropalmatine and other alkaloids on gastric ulcers in experimental animals, see Soji et al. (564). Variously substituted tetrahydroberberine and tetrahydropseudoberberine derivatives act as tranquilizers (565-569). 

Symptoms of nonallergic hyperreactivity may also be of Pavlov s conditional reflex character—in that intolerance is coded in CNS, e.g., children vomiting at the sight of food which once caused poisoning. 

Only a few behavioral studies have so far been reported with these modulated RF fields. Chicks exposed to 450 MHz, 1 or 5 mW/cm2 fields sinusoidally modulated at 3 or 16 Hz during performance of a fixed-time 30 sec schedule of water reinforcement showed trends towards longer latency of response (44). In Soviet studies, rabbits and rats chronically exposed for 120 days to extremely low levels of 50 or 2500 MHz continuous fields or 10 GHz fields pulsed at 1000 or 20 Hz showed statistically significant alterations in conditioned reflexes with field intensities between 1.9 and 2.0 yW/cm2. A 2450 MHz, 1 mW/cm2 microwave field pulsed at 1000/sec had a synergic effect on the action of Valium (chlordiazepoxide) on fixed-interval behavior in rats (46). 

All exocrine and endocrine glands have a considerable nerve supply. Well known is Pavlov s conditioned reflex [13], where the digestive juices can be secreted via, for example, a sound. But also for many relatively fast reacting hormones - including insulin - the neural feed forward control plays a considerable role. 

Glucose sensitive neurons are present in the hypothalamus. They depend on glucokinase and act in many ways similar to beta cells [51]. They influence both insulin secretion and glucose uptake, and there appear to be neural connections between all glucose sensing cells [15]. The output may be part of the hepato-portal system, but also conditioned reflexes may participate in the neural stimulation of insulin release and glucose uptake [52]. In this sense the CNS also participates in predictive control. 

I. P. Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, Oxford University Press, London, 1927. 

Conducting studies in animal models often are challenging and occasionally require anesthesia, w hich might affect the parameter being assessed. Conditioned reflex training may help elicit cooperation. Use of remote controlled implants andnew er drug delivery options represent advances made on this front. 

Catecholamine—Monoamines such as the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine that are synthesized from the amino acid, tyrosine, and have similar structures. Conditioned reflex—response in which one stimulus, the conditioned one, is associated with and elicits the same response as another stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus. 

Aldrin administered daily to 30- and 90-day-old Wistar rats at 8 or 11 ppm in diet showed an alteration in antibody production when exposed to Escherichia coli at 60 days. Functional disorders of thymus and adrenal glands and in protein synthesis were also noted. Younger rats were more strongly affected than older rats. Cats fed aldrin at 1 mg kg day or made to inhale 0.1 pg N of air had marked lowering of conditioned reflexes and of unconditioned food and orientation reflexes, which required up to 8 days to return to normal. Groups of 12 male and 12 female Osborne-Mendel rats were fed diets containing 0, 0.5, 2, 10, 50, 100, or... 

MCS, as defined by clinical ecologists, results from chemical exposure however, the mechanisms that have been proposed include altered immune function, neurogenic inflammation, neurologic sensitization, and conditioned reflexes. To date, no mechanism has been established. 

Viewed from a historical distance, it seems to me that Pavlov s epoch-making discovery on conditioning changed once and for all scientific thinking about the brain and its self. He experimentally demonstrated, a hundred years ago, that the well-known psychic experience described/defined with the term association objectively refers to the acquisition of a conditioned reflex, the establishment of a new temporary connection between cortical neurons. This was the decisive turn that initiated the objective analysis of behavioral performances. 

Kelemen K, Longo VG, Knoll J, Bovet D (1961) The EEG arousal reaction in rats with extinguishable and non-extinguishable conditioned reflexes. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 13 745-751... 

V. The functional mechanism of the active conditioned reflex. Acta Physiol Hung 10 89-100... 

---