North American presentation level

Examples of graphics applications interface standards are the Graphics Kernel System (GKS) (i6) and the Programmer s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) (7) Specific interface definitions are part of both GKS and PHIGS. For the device driver interface, examples are the North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax (NAPLPS) ( ) and the Computer Graphics Interface (CGI) (9). 

Several studies have confirmed that the seed oil from the North American variety of cranberry contains significant levels of a-linolenic acid. In a U.S. patent, Heeg et al. (4) reported the a-linolenic acid content of cranberry seed oil to be between 30% and 35% of total fatty acids. In 2003, Parker et al. (5) found 22.3% a-linolenic acid in the cold-pressed cranberry seed oil, and in 2004, Parry et al. (3) determined the oil to contain 32.0% a-linolenic acid from two different lots of the seed oil. The ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in all were low from 1.2 1 to 2 1. Also, all of the studies documented similar ratios among the rest of the common fatty acids found in cranberry seed oil, including, in order of higher amount present linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, and eicosadienoic (20 2) acids (Table 1). In addition to a-linolenic acid, cranberry seed oil is rich in natural antioxidants (8). These antioxidants may directly react with free radicals and prevent lipid oxidation in human low-density lipoprotein. 

Woods with basic density values (means for the species) that fall in the range of <0.36, 0.36-0.50, and >0.50 g/cm are considered light, moderately light to moderately heavy, and heavy, respectively, and include both temperate and tropical woods (2). However, for a given species, there is considerable variability about any published and accepted mean. Specifically, at least for most North American woods, the expected coefficient of variation (i.e., standard deviation divided by the mean) is about 10% (24). Thus, if the 95% probability level is to be considered, a reasonable estimate of the total expected range of variability would be the mean basic density (10% x 1.96 X mean basic density). Table I presents the ranges of basic density that might be anticipated for several important U.S. woods. 

The current North American intake of total dietary fat is about 38% of calories with approximately 13-15%, 5-7% and 16-18% of calories supplied by saturated, polyunsaturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, respectively (Grundy, 1989). This provides for a current P/S ratio of about 0.45. There is ample evidence that these levels of total fat, and especially saturated fat, are too high and represent significant risk factors for coronary heart disease and possibly cancer at specific sites. Various agencies (American Heart Association, 1988 National Research Council, 1989 American Cancer Association and the US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1990 Health and Welfare Canada, 1990) have recommended that the current total fat consumption be reduced to 30% of calories, with the contribution of saturated fat not to exceed 10% of calories. Furthermore, an increase in the P/S ratio from the present value of 0.45 to a value of 1.0 is also recommended. This provides for an intake of polyunsaturated fat at 10% of calories with the last 10% of fat calories supplied by mono-unsaturated fat. It is emphasized that these recommendations are for adults and children over 2 years of age. 

The alkaloid level in some American species is approaching 3% of dry matter, and the alkaloids, although all of the same origin and basic formula, have very different physiological properties. On the other hand, some North American lupines and the cultivated European species contain only traces of alkaloids. Thus this butterfly must be recognized as a species which is tolerant to the alkaloids present in the host plant but does not need them as constituents of the food. 

Fluorosis is also sometimes associated with the use of mineral phosphates as dietary supplements for livestock, since these products may contain undesirably high levels of fluoride. The level present in mineral phosphate is a consequence of the geochemical conditions which obtained during deposition, and North African and North American mineral phosphate usually has about twice the content of fluoride (3-4 per cent) which is present in deposits in islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans [106],... 

Like the Piedmont, much of the present forest extending from Texas to Maine is old cropland which has reverted to forest and much of that has occurred over the past 70 or so years (McCleery, 1992). The effect of cropland reversion plus soil conservation measures on the remaining Piedmont cropland was to greatly reduce erosive land use and thus to reduce erosion to very low levels. The sea of forest shown in Fig. 77.6 is has significance far beyond reduction of soil erosion. First, it has been a huge carbon sink as the forest grows and as more carbon is incorporated into the soil. No exact values are available but North American forests contain about 170 billion tons of carbon (SOCCR, 2007). The second effect is that this reversion... 

Vehicle-Only Inspection - An inspection that includes each of the vehicle inspection items specified under the North American Standard Inspection (Level I), without a driver present, conducted at any location. 

A well-assorted, international representation of authorship is evident in recent volumes of Advances the original British-American liaison on which the publication was founded has been substantially expanded to the international level. The present volume includes, in addition to contributions from North America and Great Britain, articles from continental Europe and, coincidentally, three separate chapters by authors based at different points on the African continent. 

Nitrate concentrations have not declined substantially since the early 1970s. In many streams and aquifers in North America, Europe, and Asia they have risen appreciably, but this rise has not been accompanied by any clearly discernible damage to human health. In the United States commercial fertilizers (whose overall use is now, as we have seen, much higher than in the late 1960s) are the primary nonpoint source of nitrogen in water. Excessive nitrate levels have been present in water wells throughout the American Midwest for more than two decades. Concentrations above the maximum contaminant limit (MCE) are particularly common in the Corn Belt states, as well as in North Dakota and Kansas. ... 

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