Nonionic surfactants alkanolamides

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

Although spray-dryiag accommodates relatively high content of surfactants, certain types, such as the alkanolamides and some nonionic surfactants are best added to the product after spray-dryiag. Post additioa aot only protects the surfactant from the heat of the tower but also prevents the formation of aerosols ia the exit gas. Aerosols are more difficult to trap ia the scmbbiag system than soHd fines. They are formed by unsulfonated matter from the manufacture of LAS and nonionic surfactants with short ethylene oxide chains (120). 

Early oxidation hair dyes were used in solution form these have been replaced by cream- or gel-based formulas. The oil-in-water emulsions commonly used can be supplemented with auxiliary ingredients, such as polymers to improve combing ability, as well as other conditioning additives. Extensive patent literature is available on this point [35], Gel formulations may be based on alcoholic solutions of nonionic surfactants or fatty acid alkanolamide solutions, which form a gel when mixed with the oxidant. The type (emulsion or gel) and the basic composition of the preparation strongly influence dyeing [47], Different base formulations with the same dye content yield varying color depths and shading due to the distribution of the dye between the different phases of the product, interaction with surfactants, and diffusion from the product into the hair. 

A third type is the so-called superamide prepared from the methyl esters in a 1 1 mole ratio. They are generally products that have an alkanolamide content in excess of 90%. Some of the same byproducts as in the first type are formed but in much smaller quantities. As a result of the relatively small amounts of free alkanolamine, superamides have poor water solubility. They are used in conjunction with a small amount of anionic or nonionic surfactant, which acts as a solubilizer to form a clear viscous solution (29). 

Fatty alkanolamides are another class of commonly employed nonionic surfactants. These are used in shampoos to enhance lather and viscosity. The most frequently used alkanolamides are cocoamide DEA (diethanolamide) and... 

Nonionic surfactant Ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide fatty acid 1-35... 

Over many years, nonionic surfactants have become more and more important in the pharmaceutical held because of their ability to solubilize poorly soluble substances and their low toxicity (36). The principal group.s used in this domain are polyol derivatives, polyoxyethylene esters and ethers, and poloxamers. but other surfactants are also included in this classification, such as nonyiphenyl ethers, polyvinyl alcohol, propylene glycol diacetate, or alkanolamides. 

It is generally known that aqueous solutions of true amphoterics can be difficult to thicken. Viscosity control is best achieved by using either the amphoteric salts or by combining with anionic surfactants. The traditional thickening aids, the alkanolamides, are not particularly effective with amphoterics. Nonionic surfactants offer the best thickening support for amphoteric surfactants, especially those based on fatty acids or alcohols ethoxy-lated with 50-200 moles of ethylene oxide, but like all nonionics, they could exert a foam depressing effect if used at a higher level. When amphoteric surfactants are combined with anionic surfactants, the traditional alkanolamides are effective. The final pH adjustment can also make a difference to the viscosity of the product. 

The alkanolamides are condensates of fatty acids and alkanolamines they are nonionic surfactants. Based on different alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamines (DEA), and monoisopropylamine (MIPA), and derivatives from oils and fats, they are hybrids from petrochemistry and from renewable oleochemistry. 

The antistatic agents recommended for PO fibers are quaternary ammonium salts of fatty acids, alkano-lamines, alkanolamides, polyglycolesters, alkoxylated triglicerides, and ethoxylated tertiary amines (Table 2). The quaternary ammonium compounds and nonionic surfactants dominate this field because of their higher oil solubility and hygroscopicity. 

Nonionic surfactants Alkyl polyethylene glycol ether Alkyl polyglycoside Fatty acid glucamide Fatty acid alkanolamide Alkyl dimethyl amine oxide <15... 

Chem. Descrip. Blend of LAS, nonionic surfactants, and fatty acid alkanolamides Ionic Nature Anionic/nonionic... 

Iodine vapor is generally suitable for visualization of nonionics and is compatible with densitometry (14,46,47). The plate must be covered with another glass plate or photographed immediately, since the iodine color fades rapidly in air (48). Acid blue 158 has been shown to be a good, general purpose visualizer for surfactants (49). It was demonstrated for detection of AE and NPE as well as ethoxylated amines and an alkanolamide. Cobalt thiocyanate reagent, commonly used for spectrophotometric determination of nonionic surfactants, has also been used as a visualizer for qualitative TLC analysis (50.51). Formation of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate ester derivatives allows visualization with UV light of surfactants without chromophores (52). 

TABLE 10 TLC Analysis of Alkanolamide and Alkanolamide Ethoxylate Nonionic Surfactants... 

A number of technologically important nonionic surfactants do not fall into any of the main categories discussed so far. These include the alkanolamides derived from fatty acids, amine oxides, sulfoxides, and phosphine oxides, and others too numerous to cover adequately in a brief overview of surfactant technology. Such materials are reported frequently in the patent literature and are discussed in more detail in the works of Burnette and Schwartz et. al., cited in the Bibliography. 

M. Jarrett. Nonionic alkanolamides as shale stabilizing surfactants for aqueous well fluids. Patent WO 9632455, 1996. 

U.S. 6306805 (2001) Bratescu et al. (Stepan) Anionic-cationic bridging surfactant blends bridging surfactants selected from ethoxylated alkanolamide, semipolar nonionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic Clear solutions at a variety of concentrations in water impart cleaning, foaming, and conditioning properties to hair... 

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