Lather enhancement

Soap Bars. In soap bars the primary surfactant is predominantly sodium salts of fatty acids. These products typically contain between 70 and 85% soap. Occasionally, potassium soap ( 5-30%) is included in the formulation to increase the solubiUty of the soap and, hence, the bar s lathering properties. The low Krafft temperatures for potassium soap are the basis for the lather enhancement, but also limits their content in bars. 

Conklin JR. The form and function of lather enhancer ceUulosics in personal care products. In Gehelein CG, Cheng TC, Yang VC, eds. Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers. New York Plenum Press, 1991 15-24. 

Synergistic Lather Enhancement on Mixed Surfactant Systems... 

N-acyl ED3A chelating surfactants are capable of very dramatic, highly synergistic lather enhancement on mixed surfactant systems particularly in the presence of divalent connterions. The lather stability on mixtnres of SLES (3 moles EO) and Na LEDS A at a constant concentration of 1% in the presence and absence of water hardness is presented in Figure 5. Synergistic lather enhancement is evident when the system composition passes 30% LED3A. 

When Na LED3A was added to a commercial baby shampoo (Fig. 6), the lather stability was enhanced nearly sevenfold in soft water and in water containing 200 ppm water hardness. The two factors which lead to the formation of stable lather are low surface tension and high snrface viscosity. Since synergy in surface tension is not evident in the mixtnres, it is likely that synergistic lather enhancement is due to increase of surface viscosity and formation of more stable surface films which are... 

The mildness of soap bars toward the skin can also be enhanced by the process of superfatting. In superfatting, excess fatty acid is added to the soap during processing, This water-insoluble material functions as an emollient, significantly improving the mildness and the lathering of the bar. 

Fatty alkanolamides are another class of commonly employed nonionic surfactants. These are used in shampoos to enhance lather and viscosity. The most frequently used alkanolamides are cocoamide DEA (diethanolamide) and... 

Degradation Studies. Some laboratory studies on enhanced biodegradation have involved use of gas chromatographic analyses while lather studies have included measurement of CO2 resulting from C-labeled pesticide degradation to assess the severity of the problem, delineate the impact of environmental factors, or determine cross-adaptation Qi)- In our soil... 

Amine oxides, in their nonionic forms (depending on the pH), are best known for their functionality as secondary surfactants, since they enhance foam characteristics and provide thick, creamy, and more stable lather at moderate acidic pHs. They are also mild to skin and hair, and since the N-0 bond is highly polarized and exists in a protonated form at low pHs, they may provide some conditioning and antistatic benefits. 

The presence of the cationic polymer in a typical cleansing system can be expected to affect the lather characteristics of the system. While the polymer can stabilize and enhance the lather under nonprecipitation conditions by increasing the surface viscosity in the liquid film lamellae, it may reduce/destroy the lather under precipitation conditions by lowering the levels of surfactant available in the solution phase. (See Section III.)... 

Sarcosinate surfactants have been widely used in personal wash, skin care, and hair care formulations as coactives. They are particularly useful in providing a rich, stable lather, especially in the presence of sebum. Lathers produced from other anionic and amphoteric surfactants are remarkably enhanced by the addition of sarcosinates. Maximum foaming and detergency are developed in the pH range 4-8. The adsorption of sarcosinates onto the hair results in manageability and reduced static buildup. Sarcosinate surfactants are easily... 

The polymer-surfactant complex has high surfeice viscosity and elasticity (i.e. surfeice viscoelasticity), both will enhance the foam stability (see below). The amphoteric surfactants such as betaines and the phospholipid surfeictants when used in conjunction with alkyl sulfeites or alkyl ether sulfeites can also enhance the foam stability. All these molecules strengthen the film of surfactant at the air/water interface, thus modifying the lather from a loose lacy structure to a rich, dense, small bubble size, luxurious foam. Several foam boosters have been suggested and these include fatty acid alkanolamide, amine oxides. Fatty alcohol and fatty acids can also act as foam boosters when used at levels of 0.25-0.5 %. Several approaches have been considered to explain foam stability (a) Surface viscosity and elasticity theory The adsorbed surfeictant film is assumed to control the mechanical-dynamical properties of the surface layers by virtue of its surface viscosity and elasticity. This may be true for thick films (> 100 nm) whereby intermolecular forces are less dominant. Some correlations... 

A personal care cleansing composition having enhanced perceptible skin benefits using quaternary ammonium compounds and free fatty acids has been reported. The addition of talc increases qualities to the user such as freshness, smoothness lather, and creaminess. Fragrance retention is improved (10). 

Uses Substantive humectant, skin conditioner, moisturizer, emulsifier, surfactant, thickener used in personal care prods. enhances lather in surfactant systems Properties Gardner 2+ color sol. in water, si. sol. in alcohol 55% cone,... 

Uses Emulsifier, moisturizer and emollient imparting a smooth and gentle skin feel to cosmetic formulations improves lather consistenry of bar soaps and surfactants reduces f.p. and enhances stability extremely mild to skin and eyes used for creams, lotions, aftershaves, eau de toilet and bar soaps ProperVes Pale yel. vise, liq. sol. in water and alcohol acid no. 1 max. iodine no. 

Uses Cosurfactant providing outstanding lather and foam enhancement, cleansing, emolliency, conditioning, and vise, building props, for bubble baths, shampoo formulations, body cleansers, and various other personal care formulations exc. compat. with anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants Properties Pale yel. cl. Iiq. water-sol. pH 6.8 30% solids Monalube 29-78 [Croda Inc]... 

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