Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants

Thus, with nonionic surfactants, both types of micremulsions can be formed depending on the conditions. As shown above, with such systems temperature is the most crucial factor since the solubility of the surfactant in water or in oil depends on the temperature. One should remember that in aqueous solutions, the solubility of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants decreases with increase of temperature, whereas the reverse is true with oil solutions. 

Triton X-200 was used to study the effects of ethoxylation on the sulfonates. Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants were investigated using Synfac 8216 obtained from the Milliken Corporation. This was stated to be 100% active with a molecular weight of 1100-1200. HPLC showed this surfactant to be a mixture of several components. 

Uses. Principal use as an intermediate in the production of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants as an intermediate in the manufacmre of phosphite antioxidants used for the plastics and rubber industries... 

Surfactants are widely used for a variety of reasons, including surface wetting agents, detergents, emulsifiers, lubricants, gasoline additives, and enhanced oil-recovery agents. The type of surfactants selected for a particular application often depends on the chemical and physical properties required and on economics or other considerations such as environmental concerns. To meet these requirements, a typical surfactant formulation may contain blends of a variety of commercial products, which could include ionic and nonionic ethoxylated surfactants, alkylsulfonates, and alkylaryl-sulfonates, and petroleum sulfonates. 

Aliphatic and aromatic nonionic ethoxylated surfactants, R0(CH2CH20) H, were used in order to determine the distribution of the ethoxylate oligomers. 

Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants and polyethylene oxide polymers have been found to adsorb on silica. The driving force for the adsorption of these reagents in considered to be hydrogen bonding between the ether... 

The preparation of mesoporous materials with bimodal pore-size distribution has also been described by Stebe and coworkers, using mixtures of F(CF2) C2H4 (OC2H4)mOH nonionic ethoxylated surfactants and conventional hydrocarbon ethoxylated surfactants [61]. 

Dimitrova, G.T, Tadros, T.R, Luckham, P.R, Kipps, M.R. Investigations into the phase behavior of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants using 2H NMR spectroscopy. Langmuir 12, 315-318 (1996)... 

Among commercial nonionic surfactants, those made from fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide are the most commonly used. Ethoxylation offers the production of a wide range of nonionic surfactants as the hydrophobic part, and the ethylene oxide number can be easily adjusted according to the desired properties. The chemical reaction to convert a fatty alcohol into a nonionic ethoxylated surfactant uses ethylene oxide under pressure (typically 2-8 bars) and heat (typically 120-200°C). Actually, fatty alcohols have a hydroxyl group that can react further with ethylene oxide providing polyoxyethylene compounds with a range of molecular weights. 

Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants can also be used to produce isotropic W/O microemulsions. A low HLB number surfactant may be dissolved in an oil, and such a solution can solubilize water to a certain extent, depending on surfactant concentration. If water is added above the solubilization limit, the system separates into two phases W/O solubilized - - water. If the temperature of such a two-phase system is reduced an isotropic W/O microemulsion is formed below the solubilization temperature. If the temperature is then further reduced below the haze point, sep-... 

Polyoxyethylene Surfactants. Polyoxyethylene-solubilized nonionics (ethoxylates) were iatroduced ia the United States as textile chemicals shordy before 1940. The solubiUty of these compounds derives from recurring ether linkages ia a polyoxyethylene chain... 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

Ethoxylated fatty esters, emulsifiers, detergents, and dispersants, 8 710t Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants, microemulsions based on, 16 428 Ethoxylated surfactants, 24 142, 148 Ethoxylates, 24 149-151 Ethoxylation, fatty amines, 2 523 2-Ethoxypyridine, 21 104 Ethoxyquin, 10 854 13 42t, 51 2-Ethyl-1-butanol... 

Adsorption of a surfactant on solids is dependent, among other things, on the structure of both the hydro-phobic and hydrophilic portions of it. There are a number of mechanisms proposed for surfactant adsorption and an understanding of the effects of the structure of the surfactant can help in elucidating the role of these mechanisms. In this study, the effect on adsorption on alumina of some structure variations of sulfonates (chain length and the branching and the presence of ethyoxyl, phenyl, disulfonate and dialkyl groups) is examined above and below CMC as a function of surfactant concentration, pH and salinity. Co-operative action between an ionic alkyl sulfonate and a nonionic ethoxylated alcohol is also studied. 

As discussed previously, the biodegradation pathways using non-selected bacterial inocula for nonionic ethoxylates may be divided into two distinct areas, each dependent on the structure of the surfactant. 

Igepal CA-630 Nonionic ethoxylate Moles EO 9-10 surfactant. Rhone... 

Table 17.4 lists values of the CMC for C12-surfactants with different headgroups. Within the nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactants, the headgroup area increases with an increasing number of oxyethylene units. The CMC simultaneously increases, illustrating that steric repulsion increases the CMC (Figure 17.3). 

The most common nonionic surfactants are those based on ethylene oxide, referred to as ethoxylated surfactants. Several classes can be distinguished alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sorbitan ester ethoxylates, fatty amine ethoxylates, and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers (sometimes referred to as polymer surfactants). Another important class of nonionics are the multihydroxy products such as glycol esters, glycerol (and polyglycerol) esters, glucosides (and polyglucosides), and sucrose esters. Amine oxides and sulfinyl surfactants represent nonionic with a small head group. 

Laboratory Treatments. Colorfastness of the dyed wool samples was determined in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Colored samples were cut into 2- X 2-in. squares and sandwiched between multifiber fabrics (Test Fabrics) and undyed wool fabrics of the same dimensions. The fabrics were loosely sewn together by hand with white cotton thread. Two surfactants were chosen for the aqueous treatments Tergitol NPX, a nonionic ethoxylated nonylphenol (Union Carbide) and Orvus WA, an anionic sodium alkyl sulfate (Proctor Gamble). Solutions of 0.1% surfactant in distilled water were prepared. Tests were run in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks at a liquor-to-cloth ratio of 50 1. The flasks were placed in an Eberbach constant-temperature shaker bath adjusted to 30 °C and an agitation of 40 cycles/min. Treatment time was 1 h, after which the samples were opened and allowed to dry on blotter paper. This same procedure was used for the nonaqueous treatments. Commercial grade tetrachloroethylene (R. R. Street Co.) with and without 1% Aerosol OT, the anionic surfactant sodium sulfosuccinate (Aldrich Chemical) was selected. The treated samples were removed from the liquids, opened, and dried on blotter paper in a ventilated hood. 

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