Ethoxylated nonionics

Baby Shampoos. These shampoos, specifically marketed for small children, feature a non-eye stinging quaHty. The majority of the products in this category are based on an amphoteric detergent system a system combining the use of an imidazoline amphoteric with an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant has been successfiiUy marketed (15,16). The sulfosuccinates also have been suggested for baby shampoo preparation because of thek mildness... 

Solvents. The most widely used solvent is deionized water primarily because it is cheap and readily available. Other solvents include ethanol, propjdene glycol or butylene glycol, sorbitol, and ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. There is a trend in styling products toward alcohol-free formulas. This may have consumer appeal, but limits the formulator to using water-soluble polymers, and requires additional solvents to solubilize the fragrance and higher levels of preservatives. 

The phase inversion temperature (PIT) method is helpful when ethoxylated nonionic surfactants are used to obtain an oil-and-water emulsion. Heating the emulsion inverts it to a water-and-oil emulsion at a critical temperature. When the droplet size and interfacial tension reach a minimum, and upon cooling while stirring, it turns to a stable oil-and-water microemulsion form. " ... 

The micellization and adsorption properties of industrial sulfonate/ ethoxylated nonionic mixtures have been assessed in solution in contact with kaolinite. The related competitive equilibria were computed with a simple model based on the regular solution theory (RST). Starting from this analysis, the advantage of adding a hydrophilic additive or desorbing agent to reduce the overall adsorption is emphasized. 

Ethoxylated fatty esters, emulsifiers, detergents, and dispersants, 8 710t Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants, microemulsions based on, 16 428 Ethoxylated surfactants, 24 142, 148 Ethoxylates, 24 149-151 Ethoxylation, fatty amines, 2 523 2-Ethoxypyridine, 21 104 Ethoxyquin, 10 854 13 42t, 51 2-Ethyl-1-butanol... 

Among the purposes of this paper is to report the results of calorimetric measurements of the heats of micellar mixing in some nonideal surfactant systems. Here, attention is focused on interactions of alkyl ethoxylate nonionics with alkyl sulfate and alkyl ethoxylate sulfate surfactants. The use of calorimetry as an alternative technique for the determination of the cmc s of mixed surfactant systems is also demonstrated. Besides providing a direct measurement of the effect of the surfactant structure on the heats of micellar mixing, calorimetric results can also be compared with nonideal mixing theory. This allows the appropriateness of the regular solution approximation used in models of mixed micellization to be assessed. 

Calorimetric measurements can be used to obtain heats of mixing between different surfactant components in nonideal mixed micelles and assess the effects of surfactant structure on the thermodynamics of mixed micellization. Calorimetry can also be successfully applied in measuring the erne s of nonideal mixed surfactant systems. The results of such measurements show that alkyl ethoxylate sulfate surfactants exhibit smaller deviations from ideality and interact significantly less strongly with alkyl ethoxylate nonionics than alkyl sulfates. 

Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants approximately obey a hnear mixing rule expressed as Eq. 1 when the characteristic property is the averaged number of ethylene oxide groups per molecules (EON) [35]. The goodness of the fit depends on the partitioning phenomena, which will be discussed later, in Sect. 4. 

The main problem in mixing ethoxylated nonionics is that they often contain extremely different surfactant species that are likely to behave non-collectively, much more than in the case of ionic surfactants. This problem will be addressed in the next section. Again it seems that the presence of intermediate species tends to favor a collective behavior. 

Fig. 10 Effect of surfactant concentration on the optimum formulation (minimum tension position) for anionic mixtures (/e/t), pure anionic surfactant center) and ethoxylated nonionic mixtures (right)...

As the temperature of dilute aqueous solutions containing ethoxylated nonionic surfactants is increased, the solutions may turn cloudy at a certain temperature, called the cloud point. At or above the cloud point, the cloudy solution may separate into two isotropic phases, one concentrated in surfactant (coacervate phase) and the other containing a low concentration of surfactant (dilute phase). As an example of the importance of this phenomena, detergency is sometimes optimum just below the cloud point, but a reduction in the washing effect can occur above the cloud point (95). However, the phase separation can improve acidizing operations in oil reservoirs (96) For surfactant mixtures, of particular interest is the effect of mixture composition on the cloud point and the distribution of components between the two phases above the cloud point. 

Inaredient Weight % Kerr McGee Mineral Seal Oil 20.0 Emulsifier Four-HF 15.0 9-10 mole ethoxylated nonionic 1.0 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 3.0 Tap Water 61.0... 

Components Grams-E Mineral seal oil 40.0 Emulsifier Four-HF 29.5 9-10 mole ethoxylated nonionic 2.5 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 6.0 Water 122.0... 

Cowell, M. A. Kibbey, T. C. G. Zimmerman, J. B. Hayes, K. F. Partitioning of Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants in Water/Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) Systems Effects of Surfactant and NAPL Properties, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000,34, 1583-1588. 

Pennell, K. D. Adinolfi, A. M. Abriola, L. M. Diallo, M. S. "Solubilization of Dodecane, Tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-Dichlorobenzene in Micellar Solutions of Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants." Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997,31, 1382-1389. 

A limited number of studies have considered the use of surfactant and cosolvent mixtures to enhance the recovery of NAPLs (Martel et al., 1993 Martel and Gelinas, 1996). Martel et al. (1993) and Martel and Gelinas (1996) employed ternary phase diagrams to select surfactant+cosolvent formulatons for treatment of NAPL-contaminated aquifers. The surfactant+cosolvent formulations used in their work, which included lauryl alcohol ethersulfate/n-amyl alcohol, secondary alkane sulfonate/n-butanol, and alkyl benzene sulfonate/n-butanol, were shown to be effective solubilizers of residual trichloroethene (TCE) and PCE in soil columns (Martel et al., 1993). However, very little information is available regarding the effect of cosolvents on the solubilization capacity and phase behavior of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. 

The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of cosolvent addition on the ability of an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant to recover PCE from a heterogeneous, 2-D system. The specific tasks of this work were to (a) quantify the PCE solubilization rate and capacity in the presence and absence of a representative cosolvent (EtOH) and (b) investigate the effects of EtOH addition on surfactant delivery, plume migration and PCE recovery in a 2-D, layered sand tank. A representative nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylated (POE) (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), was selected for study because of its capacity to solubilize PCE ( 0.7 g PCE/g surf at 20°C) and relatively high interfacial tension with PCE (5 dynes/cm). EtOH was chosen as the representative cosolvent because of its relatively low density (p = 0.79 g/cm1) and regulatory acceptance. 

Pennell, K.D., Adinolfi, A.M., Abriola, L.M., and Diallo, M.S. (1997). Solubilization of dodecane, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene in micellar solutions of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. Environ. Sci, Technol, 31, 1382-1389. 

They are now being replaced by the polyoxyethylene derivative of straight-chain primary or secondary alcohols with C10-C18. These linear alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants are more biodegradable than nonylphenol derivatives and have better detergent properties than linear alkylbenzenesulfonate. 

Pour Point. Figure 3 shows pour points vs. Griffins HLB value for various ethoxylated nonionics. 

Figure 7. Wetting time vs. HLB for various ethoxylated nonionics. Test conditions method—JIS-K-3362-1965 roller-cloth wool—10 X 90 mm surfactant concentration—0.1 wt % temperature—25°C. (he-) C10.itSAE (-%-) Clt.n SAE (-Q-) Cu.16 SAE hA ) Clt + n PAE (Ziegler) (-M ) NPE)...

Linear primary alcohols and alpha olefins in the C6-C 8 range have enjoyed remarkable growth in the last three decades. As esters, the C6—C,0 alcohols are used for plasticizing PVC. In the C 2-C]g range, the alcohols are used to make readily biodegradable surfactants of various types such as ethoxylates (nonionic), alcohol sulfates, and sulfates of ethoxylates (anionic). Alpha olefins are used as polyethylene comonomer (33%) and as raw materials for detergent alcohols (22%), oxo alcohols (10%), and lubricants and lube oil additives (18%). 

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