Oxidation under pressure

The chlorohydrin process (24) has been used for the preparation of acetyl-P-alkylcholine chloride (25). The preparation of salts may be carried out mote economically by the neutralization of choline produced by the chlorohydrin synthesis. A modification produces choline carbonate as an intermediate that is converted to the desired salt (26). The most practical production procedure is that in which 300 parts of a 20% solution of trimethyl amine is neutralized with 100 parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the solution is treated for 3 h with 50 parts of ethylene oxide under pressure at 60°C (27). 

In canned whipping cream, the gas nitrous oxide is used as both a propellant and a whipping agent. Nitrous oxide under pressure dissolves in the fats in the cream, and comes out of solution (like fizzing carbon dioxide in a soda) when the pressure is released. The bubbles of nitrous oxide instantly whip the cream into foam. 

Arsenious oxide is formed subsequently from the arsenic liberated and then undergoes further decomposition the arsenic thus acts as an oxygen carrier. By thus heating arsenious oxide under pressure pure arsenic may be prepared. 

The experimental results on conjugated methane oxidation under pressure with hydrogen peroxide displayed the most probable mechanism of methanol synthesis. 

The jS-nitroso nitro compounds 1 and 2 were prepared as crystalline dimers by reaction of cyclohexene and styrene with pure nitric oxide under pressure. Homospecific and heterospecific dimerization of the initial adducts may occur, however, the X-ray spectrum of the cyclohexene derivative showed the presence of only one rran.r-diastereomer, although other trans- or cis-diastereomers may have been formed. Furthermore, handpicking of the crystal mass of the styrene adduct allows the separation of the clear meso or (R, S ) form and the opaque dl or (R, R ) form, identified by H-NMR spectroscopy. 

As has been shown already, patents claiming the formation of alcohols, as well as aldehydes, acids, etc., from hydrocarbons of low molecular weight by oxidation under pressure have appeared recently. Oxidation, by this means, of hydrocarbons up to hexane has been claimed. An inspection of the critical data for the normal hydrocarbons from ethane to hexane shows that it might quite reasonably be expected that the reaction is vapor phase, except, perhaps, in the case of hexane. Liquid pliase conditions are... 

Ethylene oxide (C2H4O) has been known to explode when heated in a closed vessel. Experiments using ethylene oxide under pressure should be carried out behind suitable barricades. 

The production and properties of alkoxylated nonionic surfactants have been reviewed exten-sively. They are produced by the reaction of hydrophobic feedstocks containing hydroxyl or amine groups with alkylene oxides under pressures of 30-90 psia and at temperatures of 100-140°C in the presence of catalytic quantities of basic or transition metal elements. The degree and type of alkylene oxide appended and the blocking or random copolymerization that is allowed to occur drastically affects the physical and performance properties of the resulting nonionic surfactant. 

Among commercial nonionic surfactants, those made from fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide are the most commonly used. Ethoxylation offers the production of a wide range of nonionic surfactants as the hydrophobic part, and the ethylene oxide number can be easily adjusted according to the desired properties. The chemical reaction to convert a fatty alcohol into a nonionic ethoxylated surfactant uses ethylene oxide under pressure (typically 2-8 bars) and heat (typically 120-200°C). Actually, fatty alcohols have a hydroxyl group that can react further with ethylene oxide providing polyoxyethylene compounds with a range of molecular weights. 

Liquid oxygen conveniently available near the reactor makes it more advantageous to use as an oxidizing agent than air and widens the scope of oxidation under pressure. Spent caustic oxidation units have been set up on the following basis ... 

Partial esters of sorbitans with fatty acids can be modified by reaction with ethylene oxide (under pressure, at elevated temperatures and in the presence of sodium ethoxide or other catalysts), which yields a mixture of products substituted to varying degrees... 

Nitrogen Oxide under pressure technical 23 0-360 2 Not resistant rapid attack stress " cracking irreversible damage ... 

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