Dyed wool samples

Laboratory Treatments. Colorfastness of the dyed wool samples was determined in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Colored samples were cut into 2- X 2-in. squares and sandwiched between multifiber fabrics (Test Fabrics) and undyed wool fabrics of the same dimensions. The fabrics were loosely sewn together by hand with white cotton thread. Two surfactants were chosen for the aqueous treatments Tergitol NPX, a nonionic ethoxylated nonylphenol (Union Carbide) and Orvus WA, an anionic sodium alkyl sulfate (Proctor Gamble). Solutions of 0.1% surfactant in distilled water were prepared. Tests were run in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks at a liquor-to-cloth ratio of 50 1. The flasks were placed in an Eberbach constant-temperature shaker bath adjusted to 30 °C and an agitation of 40 cycles/min. Treatment time was 1 h, after which the samples were opened and allowed to dry on blotter paper. This same procedure was used for the nonaqueous treatments. Commercial grade tetrachloroethylene (R. R. Street Co.) with and without 1% Aerosol OT, the anionic surfactant sodium sulfosuccinate (Aldrich Chemical) was selected. The treated samples were removed from the liquids, opened, and dried on blotter paper in a ventilated hood. 

Field Study. Dyed wool samples, 4X4 in., were sewn onto 20- X 20-in. undyed wool fabric. A white cotton fabric (80 X 80 print cloth) was sewn over the dyed samples so that the colored samples were between undyed wool and cotton test fabrics. Ten sample sheets were prepared. Two of each were sent to five different dry-cleaning plants in the Chicago area. The plants were... 

Two tests were conducted to determine the influence of the pesticidal chemicals on the fabric. On the dyed fabric samples, color change due to chemical exposure was recorded both visually and with an instrumental colorimeter. On undyed cotton and wool fabrics, change in strength was determined using a tensile tester. 

To gain a better understanding of the effect of protein fiber type, dye, and mordant on sunlight and burial weathering processes, we dyed wool and silk with three phenolic dyes (found as major components in natural dye mixtures extracted from various plant sources) and post-mordanted samples of the dyed fabrics with five representative metal salts. We then exposed the unmordanted and the dyed-mordanted samples to simulated sunlight or soil burial and measured the differences in the color and tensile properties that resulted from these treatments. 

Carminic acid dyed both wool and silk to similar shades and depths of shade. Mordanting of the carminic acid-dyed wool caused the samples to become deeper shades except when aluminum was used as the mordant. With the exception of iron, mordanting of carminic acid-dyed silk samples caused lightening as well as changes in shade in the dyed silks. 

Samples dyed with alizarin showed little shade or depth of shade change on light exposure however, mordanted-alizarin-dyed wool and silk samples were much more sensitive to simulated sunlight than were unmordanted samples. Mordanted-dyed silk samples were somewhat... 

Carminic acid-dyed wool and silk had similar sensitivities to light and showed considerable fading and color change. Chromium and tin-mordanted-brazilin-dyed samples showed much greater light sensitivity than the unmordanted-dyed wool and silk, and the other mordants had little effect or slightly improved the lightfastness of the samples. 

Brazilin-dyed wool and silk underwent less darkening and shade change on burial than alizarin-dyed fabrics, and they became darker and more nearly like the shade of the mordanted-dyed samples. The mordanted-brazilin-dyed samples showed much less darkening and in most cases showed less color change than unmordanted-dyed samples on burial. Copper-mordanted wool and silk underwent the smallest degree of color change due to burial. 

The degree of shade and depth of shade change in the buried dyed wool and silk samples were quite dependent on the dye applied and the fiber type to which it was applied. The unmordanted-dyed wool and silk samples tended to undergo large changes in shade and deepening of... 

Colorfastness of Wool Dyed with Natural Colorants. For the second series of experiments, wool samples were colored with natural colorants. Wool fabrics No. 526 were obtained from Test Fabrics, and natural colorants were supplied by Cerulean Blue. 

If a fibre sample can be dissolved in 5 % NaOH at the boil, it is a protein fibre, commonly wool or silk. Protein fibres can be dyed most often by acid dyes, metallised acid dyes and chrome dyes. According to the AATCC system, acid dyes on protein fibres can be identified as follows. A coloured sample is boiled in an ammonia solution for 1-2 min. After removing the coloured sample, the ammonia solution is slightly over-neutralised with sulphuric acid. A small piece of white wool sample is then redyed with the ammonia solution at the boil for 1-2 min. A positive indication of acid dyes on the original sample is evidenced by the colour of the redyed wool sample. If chrome dyes are on the dyed sample, no redyeing can... 

Dyeing of unweathered and weathered control and formaldehyde-treated wools with three representative acid dyes (Acid Violet 7, Green 41 and Red 97) showed that the face and back of the weathered wools dyed very differently than the corresponding unweathered wools (Tables IV-VI). Unweathered control wool dyed to somewhat deeper shades than unweathered formaldehyde-treated wools. When the weathered wool samples were dyed, the face and back of the wool dyed to very different shades and depths of shade compared to the unweathered fabrics. The face of the weathered wools dyed to much lighter shades than the back side of the wool fabric demonstrating that weathering had markedly reduced the... 

Flavonoids bonded to fibres undergo photodegradation over the course of time their identification in historic textiles is thus often difficult. The analysis of a wool orange fibre (from a nineteenth century Aubusson tapestry) dyed with alum mordant and quercetin enabled the presence of quercetin (at m/z 301) and its decomposition products, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (at m/z 153) and methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (at m/z 167), to be confirmed. [30] The samples were hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid and analysed with RPLC MS. 

In an initial study at the pasture site, replicate samples of dyed polyester, undyed wool, undyed cotton, and synthetic indigo-dyed denim were placed above (30 cm depth) and below (60 cm depth) cadavers and at 30 cm and 60 cm depth in control graves. When exhumed at 24 months, cadaver B was still actively decomposing with extensive adipocere formation at the base of the grave. This was confirmed by determination of carbon dioxide respiration rates for soil samples taken at the time of recovery (Wilson 2002). It was clear that decomposition of the cadaver had influenced the decomposition rates of the textiles depending on location in the grave after 24 months of burial (Table 7.6). 

Sample Position Dyed Polyester Undyed Wool Undyed Cotton Indigo dyed Denim... 

The New World was similarly active in developing the textile art. With help from the desert climate in the high Andes of Peru, dyed samples of wool have been preserved and... 

Color Change. Tables I through IV summarize the color change data, obtained by comparison with an untreated/unexposed control sample, for the dyed cotton and wool fabrics exposed to CC14, dichlorvos, petroleum distillate, and boric acid respectively. Each table reports the total color difference at 4, 8, and 160 weeks duration after initial treatment. Also reported is a visual description of the perceived color change from the untreated control after 160 weeks. 

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