Non-specificity

On the other hand, compounds corresponding to rather general, unspecific inodes of toxic action are distributed over a broad area in the respective layer, as shown for polar non-specific toxicants in Figure 10.1-14. 

Figure 10.1-14. Distributfon of compounds in the layer of polar non-specife toxicants.

Furthermore, the number of diene - dienoplrile combinations that can be expected to undergo a Lewis-acid catalysed Diels-Alder reaction is limited. Studies by Wijnen leave little doubt that the rate of typical Diels-Alder reactions, where the dienophile is activated by one or more carbonyl functionalities, does not respond to the presence of Lewis acids in aqueous solution , at least not beyond the extent that is expected for non-specific interactions (salt effects). No coordination of the Lewis acid to the dienophile was observed in these cases, which is perhaps not surprising. Water is... 

The effect of polarity in enhancing the energy of interaction has been discussed by Kiselev and his associates who distinguish between non-specific adsorption, where only dispersion and repulsive forces are involved 4>d and and specific adsorption, where coulombic contributions (some or all of (p, [Pg.11]

The idea of a constant value for the molecular area of argon on different solids would seem reasonable in view of the non-specific nature of argon... 

D. Tracey and K. Richard, "Mechanisms of Immuno stimulation by Pyrimidiuones," iu Immunopharmacology of Infectious Diseases Uaccine Mdjuvants and Modulators of Non-specific Resistance, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987, pp. 279—289. 

The outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) refers to the distance of closest approach of non specifically adsorbed ions, generally cations. The interactions of the ions of the OHP with the surface are not specific and have the character of longer range coulombic interactions. Cations that populate the outer Helmholtz plane are usually solvated and are generally larger in size than the anions. 

The differentiation of analytical signal in the photometry enables one to use non-specific reagents for the sensitive, selective and express determination of metals in the form of their intensively coloured complexes. The typical representative of such reagents is 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR). We have developed the methodics for the determination of some metals in the drinking water which employ the PAR as the photometric reagent and the differentiation of optical density of the mixture of coloured complexes by means of combined multiwave photometry and the specific destmction of the complexes caused by the change of the reaction medium. 

Both domains of the POU region bind to DNA by the usual combination of non specific binding to the DNA backbone and specific binding to the bases. The contacts between the homeodomain and DNA are similar to those of the engrailed homeodomain (compare Figures 9.10b and 9.15a) and the... 

The determinant is non-specific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. 

The condition is usually non-specific and seldom traced to a single cause. This has been termed sick building syndrome. Despite much research, little has been proven but the building features associated with the condition are ... 

Coulometry measures the amount of cunent flowing dirough a solution in an electrochemical oxidation or reduction reaction and is capable of measuring at ppm or even ppb levels of reactive gases. Thus a sample of ambient air is drawn through an electrolyte in a cell and the required amount of reactant is generated at the electrode. This technique tends to be non-specific, but selectivity can be enhanced by adjustment of pH and electrolyte composition, and by incorporation of filters to remove interfering species. 

Concern Specific effects, therefore increased costs, accident rate reduced productivity Decreased well-being Non-specific respiratory troubles Irritation of eyes, nose and throat Damage to property and vegetation Injury to animals Decrease in amenity Long-term ecological effects... 

Many irritative chemicals may cause non-specific hyper-responsitivity of the airways and skin. The number of irritating chemicals is very large, several thousands. The symptoms caused by exposure to irritants may resemble allergic symptoms. In addition, exposure to irritating substances (such as sulfur dioxide or solvent vapors) often triggers the symptoms in individuals with allergic asthma. 

Attempts have also been made to separate non-specific effects of the local electrical field from hydrogen-bonding effects for a small group of ionic liquids through the use of the k scale of dipolarity/polarizability, the a scale of hydrogen bond donor acidity, and the (i scale of hydrogen bond basicity (see Table 3.5-1) [13, 16]. 

Eye, nose, and throat irritation headaches, nausea. Some VOCs are suspected or known carcinogens or causes of adverse reproductive effects. Some VOCs also have unpleasant odors or are irritants. VOCs are thought to be a cause of non-specific health symptoms. 

Mendell, M. J. (1993). Non-specific Health Symptoms in Office Workers a Review and Summary of the... 

Multichannel instruments are capable of measuring the intensities of the emission lines of up to 60 elements simultaneously. To overcome the effects of possible non-specific background radiation, one or more additional wavelengths may be measured and background correction (see Section 21.12) can be achieved. 

Many polysaccharides of eukaryotic origin show non-specific anti-viral activity and this property may be shared by some of the exopolysaccharides. The structural requirements for activity are not immediately evident as the polysaccharides exhibiting this activity are very diverse. 

Apart from the mentioned advantages, the polymeric reagents covalently adsorbed by silica also diminish its inherent non-specific adsorptivity. One of the ways to synthesize a polymeric modifier of this type is a copolymerization of a vinylsilane with a compound of the desired functionality. The segments carrying silyl groups will condense with the surface silanols forming anchors or trains . 

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (AChE) Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase True ChE ChE I ChE Acet-ylthiocholinesterase Acetylcholine hydrolase Acetyl (3-methylcholinesterase Erythrocyte ChE Butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) (BChE or BuChE) ChE Pseudocholinesterase Plasma ChE Acylcholine acylhydrolase Non-specific ChE ChEII Benzoylcholinesterase Propionylcholinesterase... 

General anaesthetics have been in use for the last 100 years, yet their mechanism of action are still not yet clearly defined. For many years it was thought that general anaesthetics exerted their effects by dissolving in cell membranes and perturbing the lipid environment in a non-specific manner. This theory derived from the observation that for a number of drugs which induced anaesthesia, their potency correlated with their oil-water partition coefficients. This Meyer-Oveiton correlation was accepted for a number of years, however in the last 15-20 years evidence has shown that a more likely theory is that of specific interactions of anaesthetics with proteins, particularly those within the CNS that mediate neurotransmission [1]. 

The first inhibitor of NHE, amiloride, was identified in 1982. This drug is a potassium-sparing diuretic that also inhibits the sodium-calcium exchanger and the conductive Na+ channel. Not all the NHE isoforms are inhibited equally by amiloride NHE1 and 2 are responsive, NHE5 is partially responsive and NHE3, 4 and 7 are resistant. Other weak and non-specific inhibitors are clonidine and cimetidine. 

Lobeline Lobelia inf lata, -(also non-specific actions)... 

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