Nitrocellulose rayon

Nitrat, n. nitrate, -atze,/. (Dy iVi ) nitrate discharge. -beize,/. (Dyeing) nitrate mordant. Nitration,/, nitration. — n. nitrate ion. Nitrat-kunstseide, -seide, /. nitrocellulose rayon, nitrate rayon, nitratreduzierend, a. nitrate-reducing. 

See cellophane cellulose acetate cellulose, modified nitrocellulose rayon carboxymethylcellulose. 

In 1891, Chardonnet s plant had an output of 100 lb of nitrocellulose rayon yarn per day. Fabrics made from this yard were known as Chardonnet, or Besanqon silks and became immediately popular. In 1899, the Chardonnet Silk Mill of Tubize, Belgium, was organized by Chardonnet and the silk firm of Wardle and Davenport, a company that was later called the Tubize Company. In 1900, Chardonnet rayon sold for 3.00/lb. 

The development of viscose was largely the work of two English cellulose chemists. Cross and Bevan, who, with Beadle, received a patent on the process in 1892 [116]. In 1893, they sent a sample of viscose solution to Switzerland, where Charles H. Steam had been working with Charles F. Topham on carbon filaments for electric lamps. They had worked with nitrocellulose rayon for this purpose and had a small lamp factory for utilizing the carbon filaments. 

Uses Solvent for celluloid, cellulose acetate, fats, oils, waxes, nitrocellulose and resins wood preservatives rayon and artificial leather imitation gold leaf extraction of resins and waxes in antifreeze mixtures and hydraulic fluids laboratory reagent preservative for animal tissue dyeing mixtures stripping agent for textiles. 

The development of plastics accompanied synthetic fibers. The first synthetic plastic with the trade name Celluloid was made in 1870 from a form of nitrocellulose called pyroxylin, the same substance used to produce the first rayon. Celluloid was developed in part to meet the demand for expensive billiard balls, which at the end of the nineteenth century were produced from ivory obtained from elephant tusks. John Wesley Hyatt (1837-1920) combined pyroxylin with ether and alcohol to produce a hard substance called collodion. Hyatt s collodion, like Bernigaut s original rayon, was unstable and potentially explosive. He solved this problem by adding camphor to the collodion to produce a stable hard plastic he called Celluloid. 

Cellulose dissolves in Schweitzer s reagent, an ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide. After treatment with an alkali, ibe addition of carbon disulfide causes formation of sodium xanihate. a process used in the production of rayon. Sec also Fibers. The action of acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid produces cellulose acetates, the basis for a line of synthetic materials. See also Cellulose Ester Plastics (Organic). Nitrocelluloses are produced hy ihc action of nitric acid and sulfuric acid on cellulose, yielding compounds that are highly flammable and explosive. See also Explosives. 

CHARDONNET, H. (1839-1924). A native of France, he has been called the lather of rayon because of his successful research in producing what was then called artificial silk from nitrocellulose. He was able in extrude fine threads of this semi-synthetic material through a spinnetetle-like nozzle, and Ihe textile product was made on a commercial scale in several European countries. He was awarded Ihe Perkin medal for his work... 

Cuprammonium, Nitrocellulose, and Cellulose Acetate Processes for Rayon... 

Use Rayon manufacture, cellulosic plastics, nitrocellulose lacquers, soil-cement binder in road construction, explosives. 

Chardonnet, H. (1839-1924). First to produce a synthetic fiber (nitrocellulose) with properties similar to rayon. 

Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865, and was a suitable candidate to replace nitrocellulose. Cellulose triacetate, however, was less soluble in common solvents than nitrocellulose and also was difficult to dye. Lower levels of acetylation gave more tractable, fiber-formable products, which could be more easily dyed, and could be formed into film suitable for photographic use. These were the so-called acetate rayon fibers and plastics, which were also considerably safer to use than nitrocellulose. 

In the production of Chardonnet rayon, purified cotton or linters are treated with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids at a temperature not exceeding 40°C for a period of between 4 and 6 hours. The excess of acid is then run off and the nitrated cotton is washed with water until free from acid. It is subsequently hydro-extracted and pressed until it contains about 30 per cent of water. This nitrocellulose is dissolved in a mixture composed of equal volumes of alcohol and ether in a closed vessel provided with a stirring mechanism. The solution is filtered under pressure and then stored. 

From the end of World War I until the 1926 formation of ICI, Nobel Industries had continued to produce primarily explosives and propellants. Unlike Du Pont following World War I, Nobel did not attempt to diversify into nitrocellulose-based products such as paints, pigments, finishes, rayon, and plastic products. Between 1919 and 1926, of its 12.3 million profits, 9.4... 

Cellulose acetate is a major commodity chemical. It is made by acid-catalysed acetylation of cellulose with acetic anhydride, often after the cellulose has been acid-swollen and sometimes partly hydrolysed to reduce the DP [the acid catalyst is often the (cheap) sulfuric acid]. Material with DS 2.2-2.3 is used for lacquers and plastics the acetone-soluble material of slightly higher DS (2.3-2.4) is spun into acetate rayon and cellulose acetate of DS 2.5-2.6 is used for photographic film. In this application it has replaced nitrocellulose by... 

Connections 14.4 summarizes the history and manufacture of the semisynthetic materials rayon and nitrocellulose, both made from naturally occurring cellulose. 

Cellulose acetate monofilament, yarn, staple, or tow Cellulose fibers, manmade Cigarette tow, cellulosic fiber Cuprammonium fibers Fibers, rayon Horeshair, artificial rayon Nitrocellulose fibers Rayon primary products fibers, straw, strips, and yarn... 

The first synthetic fiber was rayon. In 1865, the French silk industry was threatened by an epidemic that killed many silkworms, highlighting the need for an artificial silk substitute. Louis Chardoimet accidentally discovered the starting material for a synthetic fiber when, while wiping up some spilled nitrocellulose from a table, he noticed long silklike strands adhering to both the cloth and the table. Chardoimet silk was introduced at the Paris Exposition in 1891. It was called rayon because it was so shiny that it appeared to give off rays of light. 

One hundred years after de Reaumur speculated about the production of artificial silk, the first practical solution capable of being spun was invented by a Swiss chemist named Schoenbein. In 1846, he invented guncotton (nitrocellulose) which, when dissolved in alcohol and ether, produced collodion, a thick, viscous solution. Another Swiss chemist, George Audemars, took out the first known patent [111] that was granted in 1855 for production of rayon in England. 

In 1920, the Tubize Company built a plant to produce the yarn in the United States. By 1934, however, other types of superior rayon had been developed, so the nitrocellulose plant was sold to a company in Brazil. Several incidents of explosions and fires caused by the incompletely denitrated cellulose resulted in setbacks to the Chardonnet silk process, but, fortunately, the simultaneous development of cuprammonium and viscose solutions for spinning rayon rapidly replaced the more dangerous nitrocellulose fibers. 

NFPA Health 1, Flammability 2, Reactivity 0 Uses Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, oils, resins, waxes, fats, dyes, tars, lacquers, dopes, coatings, printing inks, wood preservatives, rayon, artificial leather, metal cleaning, cosmetics laboratory reagent hydraulic fluids textile stripping agent in food-pkg. adhesives Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 175.105... 

The verification of the alcohol commonly used in Menard s preparation came from several sources. Thorpe (36) describes celluloid as being made from a solution of nitrocellulose and camphor in ethanol. Celluloid was originally made from collodion and was only made from viscose rayon later in the twentieth century. In the Merck Index for 1989 (37), collodion is described as being... 

Cellulose and its derivatives have been and are commercially and scientifically important. They are used in the production of paper textiles and fibers (e g., rayon) films (e.g., cellophane) gums and thickeners (e.g., cellulose ethers) foods pharmaceuticals cosmetics explosives and propellants (e.g., nitrocellulose) and adhesives. In addition, the hydrolysis of cellulose is actively being studied as raw material for the production of alcohol fuels (6) and chemicals (7). As nonrenewable materials are depleted, the importance of cellulose as a chemical raw material will increase. Analysis and characterization of any... 

The chemical industry s interest in polymers dates back to the 19th century. In those days it was a case of synthetically modifying natural polymers with chemical reagents to either improve their properties or produce new materials with desirable characteristics. Notable examples were nitration of cellulose giving the explosive nitrocellulose, production of regenerated cellulose (rayon or artificial silk) via its xanthate derivative, and vulcanization of rubber by heating with sulphur. Manufacture of acetylated cellulose (cellulose acetate or acetate rayon) developed rapidly from 1914 onwards with its use both as a semi-synthetic fibre and as a thermoplastic material for extrusion as a film. 

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