Audemars, Georges

Attritors, 8 704 Attritus, 6 705 A-type gravure inks, 74 324 Audemars, George, 11 248 Audits, nuclear power facility, 17 539 Auger electrons, 27 312 24 85, 94 energy of, 24 95... 

The first successhil attempt to make textile fibers from plant cellulose can be traced to George Audemars (1). In 1855 he dissolved the nitrated form of cellulose in ether and alcohol and discovered that fibers were formed as the dope was drawn into the air. These soft strong nitrocellulose fibers could be woven into fabrics but had a serious drawback they were explosive, nitrated cellulose being the basis of gun-cotton (see Cellulose esters, inorganic esters). 

The first artificial silk was probably prepared by a Swiss chemist, Georges Audemars, in 1855. Audemars mixed the pulp of mulberry bark (chosen likely because silkworms eat mulberry leaves) and a rubber gum and used a needle to pull out long fibers of material. This was a rather labor-intensive and difficult process and could not be done in any economic way. Some accounts also claim that Audemars drew fibers of nitrocellulose (the product of mixing nitric acid with cellulose) in addition to being a delicate process, the resulting fibers of nitrocellulose were highly flammable. 

One hundred years after de Reaumur speculated about the production of artificial silk, the first practical solution capable of being spun was invented by a Swiss chemist named Schoenbein. In 1846, he invented guncotton (nitrocellulose) which, when dissolved in alcohol and ether, produced collodion, a thick, viscous solution. Another Swiss chemist, George Audemars, took out the first known patent [111] that was granted in 1855 for production of rayon in England. 

In 1846, Schoenbein invented guncotton, a cellulose tetranitrate which, when dissolved in a 1 7 mixture of ethanol and diethylether, produced collodion, a thick viscous solution. The first patent to produce rayon in England was taken out by George Audemars [165] in 1855, who used collodion made from mulberry bark, and by dipping a needle into the viscous... 

Since Georges Audemars developed the first artificial silk in 1855 by dissolving mulberry bark in a solution and then dipping a needle into the solution to form a filament, a large number of chemical fibers have been developed over the years by using natural and synthetic polymers. Some of these are described below. 

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