Nicotine Ethanol

Drugs may be solid at room temperature (eg, aspirin, atropine), liquid (eg, nicotine, ethanol), or gaseous (eg, nitrous oxide). These factors often determine the best route of administration. The most common routes of administration are described in Chapter 3. The various classes of organic compounds—carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and their constituents—are all represented in pharmacology. 

Keywords CBj knockout mice Locomotion Emotional-like behaviour Cognitive functions Cardiovascular responses Nociception Feeding behaviour Drug addiction Opioids Psychostimulants Nicotine Ethanol Retrograde neurotransmitter... 

Knockout mice have revealed many novel and interesting aspects of the physiological functions of CBi receptors in locomotor activity, emotional behaviours, regulation of blood pressure, cognition, pain, reproduction and addiction. In addition, these animals have become invaluable tools for studying the interactions between cannabinoids and other drugs of abuse, i.e. opioids, nicotine, ethanol and cocaine. The multitude of phenotypes that have been observed in these an-... 

Gonzalez, S., Cascio, M.G., Fernandez-Ruiz, J., Fezza, E, Di Marzo, V, and Ramos, J.A. (2002) Changes in endocannabinoid contents in the brain of rats chronically exposed to nicotine, ethanol or cocaine. Brain Research 954 73-81. 

Method 1. Reflux a mixture of pure nicotinic acid (Section V,22), 84 g. (105 ml.) of absolute ethanol and 90 g. (50 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid in a flask for 4 hours on a steam bath. Cool the solution and pour it slowly and with stirring on to 200 g. of crushed ice. Add sufficient ammonia solution to render the resulting solution strongly alkaline generally, some ester separates as an oil but most of it remains dissolved in the alkaline solution. Extract the solution with five 25 ml. portions of ether, dry the combined ethereal extracts with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, remove the ether and distil under reduced pressure. The ethyl nicotinate passes over at 117-118°/ 6 mm. the yield is 34 g. The b.p. under normal pressure is 222-224°. 

The ultraviolet spectra of the pyridinecarboxylic acids (334) were initially interpreted assuming that the proportion of the zwitterion structure 335 was not appreciable,and the early pK work was inconclusive. However, Jaffe s calculations based on the Hammett equation indicated that about 95% of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids existed in the zwitterion form, and ultraviolet spectral data showed that the actual percentages of picolinic, nicotinic, and isonieotinie acids existing in the zwitterion form in aqueous solution are 94, 91, and 96%, respectively.This was later confirmed by Stephenson and Sponer, who further demonstrated that the proportion of the zwitterion form decreases in solvents of low dielectric constant, becoming very low in ethanol. Dipole moment data indicate that isonicotinic acid exists as such in dioxane, and 6-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxyiic acid has been shown to exist in form 336 u.sing pK data. ... 

Using the pK values of the 5-substituted picolinic acids (5-R-2-COOH) and the 6-substituted nicotinic acids (6-R-3-COOH), in 50% ethanol at 25°, considerably better correlations are observed, with p = 3.31 and 1.60, respectively. The transmission through the... 

Falk, J. L., Zhang, J., Chen, R., and Lau, C. E., A schedule induction probe technique for evaluating abuse potential Comparison of ethanol, nicotine and caffeine, and caffeine-midazolam interaction. Special Issue Behavioural pharmacology of alcohol. Behavioural Pharmacology 5(4-5), 513-520, 1994. 

The dopaminergic system plays a role in the abuse liability for some, if not most, drugs. The stimulants — opiates, marijuana, nicotine, and ethanol — all interact directly or indirectly with... 

Narahashi T, Aistrup GL, Marszalec W and Nagata K (1999). Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors A new target site for ethanol. Neurochemistry International, 35, 131-141. 

Drugs that decrease renal clearance of uric acid through modification of filtered load or one of the tubular transport processes include diuretics, nicotinic acid, salicylates (less than 2 g/day), ethanol, pyrazinamide, levodopa, ethambutol, cyclosporine, and cytotoxic drugs. 

Irradiation of an alcoholic solution of the antitubercular drug isoniazid (261) with a low-pressure mercury lamp by Ninomiya and Yamamoto gave isolated yields of the hydrazone (262, 60%) and the hydrazide (264, 17%). Nicotinic and picolinic acid hydrazides reacted similarly, as did other alcohols. The production of (262) was easily understood since it was known that photolysis of ethanol gave acetaldehyde which would react spontaneously with the... 

IHC shows ethanol induction of CYP2E1 in olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of male rats nicotine induces in olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, olfactory tubercle, cerebellum, and brainstem. More CYP2E1 found in brains from human alcoholics and alcoholic smokers in granular cells of the dentate gyrus, pyramidal cells of CA2 and CA3 hippocampus, and cerebellar Purkinje cells. More CYP2E1 In frontal cortices of alcoholic smokers versus all nonsmokers. CYP2E1 in cultured human neuroblastoma cells Induced by nicotine (Howard et al., 2003). 

Howard LA, Miksys S, Hoffmann E, Mash D, Tyndale RE. 2003. Brain CYP2E1 is induced by nicotine and ethanol in rat and is higher in smokers and alcoholics. Br J Pharmacol 138 1376-1386. 

Ethanol, nicotine, caffeine, and phencyclidine stimulate both locomotor activity and dopamine turnover (Wise 1987). Sex differences in DA outflow in the NAC has been shown in response to ethanol. Female rats have a greater ethanol-induced DA outflow, as measured by microdialysis in the NAC, than males and this sexually dimorphic response is regionally specific as it is not observed in the striatum additionally, females consume more alcohol (Blanchard et al. 1993). 

Blaha V, Yang ZJ, et al (1998) Systemic nicotine administration suppresses food intake via reduced meal sizes in both male and female rats. Acta Medica41(4) 167-173 Blanchard BA, Steindorf S, et al (1993) Sex differences in ethanol-induced dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and in ethanol consumption in rats. Alcohol Cfin Exp Res 17(5) 968-973 Booze RM, Welch MA, et al (1999) Behavioral sensitization following repeated intravenous nicotine administration gender differences and gonadal hormones. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64(4) 827-839... 

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