Naturally Occurring Resins

Other processing aids utilized in tires are vegetable oils (fatty acids, fatty acid esters/alcohols, and metal salts of these oils), naturally occurring resins such as pine tar, hydrocarbon resins from petroleum stUlbottoms, and vulcanized vegetable oils (WOs). WOs were utilized heavily in the early 1900s, but are no longer used extensively in tires. 

Since the early days of machine made paper in the first half of the nineteenth century, the most widely applied method of Internal sizing has been the use of naturally occurring resinous materials ("rosins") in conjunction with an aluminium salt, usually aluminium sulphate (called "alum" by paper-makers). Various forms of rosin sizes (rosin soaps, rosin emulsions, fortified rosins) have been developed over the years to improve the process, but these variants still involve the use of alum as a means of ensuring that fibres retain a layer of size. 

Certain resinous materials that act as plasticizers are well noted for increasing the tack of the formulation. Traditional tackifiers were based on naturally occurring resins such as pine tar. Today, tackifiers used in modem adhesive formulations include aliphatic and aromatic... 

Extenders have two very broad classifications inorganic and organic. Inorganic extenders are primarily naturally occurring minerals, and these are often used in epoxy formulations. Organic extenders are naturally occurring resins or fibrous particles. In either case, the most distinguishing features of these extenders are their low cost and availability. 

A modem meaning of the word resin applies to most any component of a liquid that will set into a hard protective finish. Many of these components are synthetic resins. Synthetic resins have an important property that is similar to the natural resins. They both are able to harden when heat and/or pressure are applied. However, synthetic resins are made using chemical polymerization. This process results in polymers that are more stable and homogeneous than natural occurring resin. Polymers are long chain-like molecules that contain many simple repeating units. Acrylic is a synthetic resin used in latex or water-based paints [5]. This resin... 

Asphalt, shellac, and other naturally occurring resins have been used as protective and decorative coatings for centuries and were the major products of the polymer industry in the 1880s. Ready-mixed oleoresinous paints were available prior to the 1880s and accounted for 50% of commercial paints in the 1930s. 

Ros. Reactive oxygen species RESINS. Natural products that either occur naturally as plant exudates or are prepared by alcohol extraction of botanicals that contain resinous principles. Naturally occurring resins... 

Tackifying Resins. These are advantageous when the dried surface of the adhesive is intended to be permanently tacky, as with a pressure-sensitive tape, or at least to remain tacky for a long while after removal of solvent. Various naturally occuring resins and their derivatives are used, such as rosin and rosin esters, terpene, and coumarone and coumarone-in-dene. Resins synthesized from petroleum are widely used, often in combination with those from biological sources. 

Terpenes, specifically monoterpenes, are naturally occurring monomers that are usually obtained as by-products of the paper and citms industries. Monoterpenes that are typically employed in hydrocarbon resins are shown in Figure 2. Optically active tf-limonene is obtained from various natural oils, particularly citms oils (81). a and P-pinenes are obtained from sulfate turpentine produced in the kraft (sulfate) pulping process. Southeastern U.S. sulfate turpentine contains approximately 60—70 wt % a-pinene and 20—25 wt % P-pinene (see Terpenoids). Dipentene, which is a complex mixture of if,/-Hmonene, a- and P-pheUandrene, a- and y-terpinene, and terpinolene, is also obtained from the processing of sulfate Hquor (82). 

As solvents, the amyl alcohols are intermediate between hydrocarbon and the more water-miscible lower alcohol and ketone solvents. Eor example, they are good solvents and diluents for lacquers, hydrolytic fluids, dispersing agents in textile printing inks, industrial cleaning compounds, natural oils such as linseed and castor, synthetic resins such as alkyds, phenoHcs, urea —formaldehyde maleics, and adipates, and naturally occurring gums, such as shellac, paraffin waxes, rosin, and manila. In solvent mixtures they dissolve cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and ceUulosic ethers. 

Cellulose is the most abundant of naturally occurring organic compounds for, as the chief constituent of the eell walls of higher plants, it comprises at least one-third of the vegetable matter of the world. The cellulose eontent of such vegetable matter varies from plant to plant. For example, oven-dried cotton contains about 90% cellulose, while an average wood has about 50%. The balance is composed of lignin, polysaccharides other than cellulose and minor amounts of resins, proteins and mineral matter. In spite of its wide distribution in nature, cellulose for chemical purposes is derived commerically from only two sources, cotton linters and wood pulp. 

Voids The space between the resinous particles in an ion-exchange bed. Zeolite Naturally occurring hydrous silicates exhibiting limited base exchange. 

Preeclampsia, Viagra and, 164 Prelog, Vladimir, 181 Prepolymer, epoxy resins and, 673 Priestley, Joseph, 245 Primary alcohol, 600 Primary amine, 916 Primary carbon. 84 Primary hydrogen, 85 Primary structure (protein), 1038 Primer strand (DNA), 1108 pro-R prochiralitv center, 316 pro-S prochirality center, 316 Problems, how to work, 27 Procaine, structure of, 32 Prochirality, 315-317 assignment of, 315-316 naturally occurring molecules and, 316-317... 

There are over 400 different commercial alkyd resin formulations based on phthalic anhydride used in the coatings business. Alkyd resins for paints are made by reacting phthalic anhydride with a poly-alcohol (usually from naturally occurring sources rather than synthetic) that contains unreacted double bonds. The paint dries by the resin crosslinking through reaction of the double bonds under the influence of oxygen in the air. 

The CF sheet is prepared by coating an acidic coreactant such as naturally occurring reactive clay, zinc salt of salicylic acid derivatives and zinc modified phenolic resin. 

Fluid loss additives are used are used to reduce the rate of fluid loss from the fracture to the formation and to naturally occurring macro- and micro-fractures within the formation. Silica flour (73,74), oil-soluble resins (75), diesel oil emulsions (5% by volume) (74) have also been used. 

Since the analysis of terpenic compounds is often performed together with lipids, silylation has the advantage of being able to differentiate between carboxylic acids and naturally occurring methyl esters, which can be found for example in some terpenic resins and extracted together with lipids. 

Non-drying oil resins are soluble only in Aromatic hydrocarbons. They are used with amino resins for stoving finishes for appliances. Medium resins are used as plasticisers for cellulose nitrate. Along with natural oils several natural occurring and synthetic acid like resin (abiotic acid) pelargonic acid and isooctanoic acid are added to modify alkye resins. The alkyd resins are obtained by two processes, i.e., (1) Fatty Acid Process and (2) Alcoholysis process. 

Zeolyte. A widely used catalyse, originally from a naturally occurring hydrated silicate of aluminum and either sodium or calcium but mostly now a fabricated ion-exchange resin that can contain potassium and diverse groups ofsulfonated organic compounds or resins, depending on the catalytic reaction desired,... 

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