National Research Council of the

In the words of a recent paper on MSE education (Flemings and Cahn 2000), chemistry departments have historically been interested in individual atoms and molecules, but increasingly they are turning to condensed phases . A report by the National Research Council (of the USA) in 1985 highlighted the opportunities for chemists in the materials field, and this was complemented by the NRC s later analysis (MSE 1989) which, inter alia, called for much increased emphasis on materials synthesis and processing. As a direct consequence of this recommendation, the National Science Foundation (of the USA) soon afterwards issued a formal call for research proposals in materials synthesis and processing (Lapporte 1995), and by that time it can be said that materials chemistry had well and truly arrived, in the... 

Data after Subow, N. N., Oceonographical Tables, p. 208, Moscow (1931). Thompson, T. G., The Physical Properties of Sea Water , Bull. 85, Physics of the Earth. V. Oceanography, p. 63, National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington (1932). 

The work described in this paper was primarily supported by grants GM Ill ll from the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences, N00014-80-K-0178 from the Office of Naval Research, and the Marine Science Institute, Quezon City, Philippines. Support was also provided by grants AM 2674 (J.R.), The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.R.H. and S.R.W.), GM 34913 (W.R.G.), the International Foundation for Science, Stockholm, Sweden (LJ.C.), and the National Research Council of the Philippines (L J. C). 

In 1980-81, the Army asked the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences to review the medical outcomes of all volunteers tested from 1955-1975. Among the belladonnoid drug subjects, observed deaths were actually found to be fewer than the number expected. The policy of selecting only the healthiest candidates to serye as volunteers no doubt accounts, at least in part, for this favorable finding. It is ironic... 

Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, National Research Council of the National Academies (2005) Sustainability in the chemical industry grand challenges and research needs. National Academies Press, Washington, DC... 

Hagenstein P.R., R.G. Flocchini, J.C. Bailar, et al. (2002) Air Emission from Animal Feeding Operations Current Knowledge, Future Needs. National Research Council of the National Academies. Available at http //www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/related/ nrcanimalfeed dec2002.pdf accessed 9/27/2007. 

Overall, our analyses have shown that HERP values for some historically high exposures in the workplace—to butadiene and tetrachloroethylene—and to some pharmaceuticals—clolibrate —rank high, and that there is an enormous background of naturally occurring rodent carcinogens in typical portions of common foods. The background of natural exposures casts doubt on the relative importance of low-dose exposures to residues of synthetic chemicals such as pesticides. (A committee of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences reached similar conclusions about natural vs. synthetic chemicals in the diet, and called for further research on natural chemicals.) 16... 

The recent report by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences entitled "Limitations of Rock Mechanics in Energy Resource Recovery and Development", highlighted some of the problems which must be addressed. The rock strength and other mechanical properties of the media must be understood both under the impact of the thermal pulse represented by the release of heat from decaying radioactive waste materials and the perturbation represented by construction of the mine. The resulting thermal stresses must be understood in developing the layout and the allowable rate of heat generation from the individual canisters. 

Data for post-2000 is of course an extrapolation. Various organisations attempt this, notably, the National research Council of the U.S. It s instructive in this regard, to look at the way in which the amount of metal in a family car has shrunk, and the amount of polymer, elastomer and glass has increased. All of these point to trends a little like those shown in the diagram, but it would be imprudent to attach any major significance to the absolute values of the numbers. 

According to the National Research Council of the National Academy of Science, risk assessment consists of four broad but interrelated components hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization, as depicted in Figure 24.1. The reader should, however, be aware that these risk assessment activities can provide research needs that improve the accuracy of estimating the risk or probability of an adverse outcome. 

Dietary recommendations to increase intake of citrus fruits, cruciferous vegetables, green and yellow vegetables, and fruits and vegetables high in vitamin A and C to lower cancer risk have been made by several organizations, including the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, the World Cancer Research Fund, and the American Institute for Cancer Research. 

National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. An Analysis of Marijuana Policy. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, 1982. h ttp //www. drugli brary. org. 

Kwolek remained with DuPont for the rest of her working life, retiring in 1986. She has remained active in the field of chemistry since her retirement. She serves as a consultant to DuPont and to the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. Kwolek was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1995, only the fourth woman to be so honored, and received the National Medal of Technology in 1996. She was also awarded the Perkin Medal in 1997, only the second woman to receive that award. 

Carotenoids. A preliminary report on nomenclature of the carotenoids, drawn by the Committee on Biochemical Nomenclature of the National Research Council of the United States, was published in 1946 (11). P. Karrer, president of the commission at that time, with this report as a basis, presented a project to the commission (9) containing a few modifications and extensions of the American draft. KarrePs (5) text was discussed at the London conference in 1947 at a meeting held by the joint commissions for nomenclature of organic chemistry and biological chemistry. A few slight modifications were made, and this new text was adopted by the Council of the Union in 1947. It has been published by several periodicals (5) since that time. 

To bolster the FDA s ability to evaluate the safety of dietary supplements, a 2004 report ( Framework for Evaluating the Safety of the Dietary Supplements ) from the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council of the (US) National Academies outlines a science-based process for assessing supplement ingredients, even when data about a substance s safety in humans is scarce. This approach to safety evaluation works within the regulatory parameters set by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), which does not require manufacturers to provide safety data on their products. The report stated that supplement makers, the public, and others need to increase their reporting... 

National Research Council of the United States of America, "International Critical Tables of Numerical Data", Vol. V, First ed. McGraw-Hill New York, 1929. 

NRC (2006). Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation BEIR VII Phase 2, Board on Radiation Effects Research (BRER), National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., http //books.nap.edu/openbook.php record id=11340 page=Rl. 

Since 1996 the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate of the US Marines coordinates the US efforts to develop new non-lethal weapons see http //www.jnlwd.usmc.mil/, last accessed 28 November 2003. For an assessment of programmes and proposals to streamline and redirect these see National Research Council of the National Academies An Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and Technology (Washington, DC The National Academies Press, 2003). 

The Eood and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences publishes information on the quantities of vitamins and minerals that are required in the diet. These are called recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and are defined as "the levels of intake of essential nutrients considered adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons." The RDA is determined by obtaining an estimate of the range of normal human needs. The value at the high end of the range is chosen, and an additional safety factor is added. Thus the RDA is by no means a minimum value, but rather a high estimate of daily requirements. It is important to remember that serious physical problems can follow ingestion of megadoses of many minerals or vitamins. 

In the USA, a series of surveys was conducted between 1970 and 1987 by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (under contract to the Food and Drug Administration) in which information was obtained from ingredient manufacturers and food processors on the amount of each substance destined for addition to the food supply and on the usual and maximal levels at which each substance was added in a number of broad food categories. 

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