NATIONAL PRESENTATIONS

A brief overview of the respective national fast reactor programmes was given by the representatives of the participating Member States, before addressing the specific objectives of the TM. 

Fast reactor research and development activities are pursued by the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). CIAE has evolved out of the Institute of Modem Physics, Academia Sinica, founded in 1950. It is the birthplace of nuclear science and technology in China. CIAE has a 

The CEFR is a sodium cooled, bottom supported 65 MW(th) experimental fast reactor fuelled with mixed uranium-plutonium oxide (the first core, however, will be loaded with uranium oxide fuel). Fuel cladding and reactor block structural materials are made of Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steel. It is a pool type reactor with two main pumps, and two loops for the primary and secondary circuit, respectively. The water-steam tertiary circuit has also two loops, with the superheated steam collected into one pipe that is connected with the turbine. CEFR s has a natural circuit decay heat removal system. 

As of the beginning of 2003, 95% of the CEFR detailed design was finished, and 70% of the components had been ordered, of which 20% have been delivered to CIAE. The status and further planning of the construction works were as follows  

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Arrest figures do not exclude the possibility that the drugs pass from Tajik hands to those of other groups and back to Tajik groups again, with Tajik nationals present in 26 per cent of major heroin seizures in Russia in 2004/2005. 

EA (1999). Environment agency UK sewage sludge survey—National presentation (1996/7). R D Technical Report PI 65, Bristol (1999). 

Gendebien, A., Carlton-Smith, C., Izzo, M., and Hall, J. E. (1999). UK Sewage sludge survey— National presentation. P. 165. Environment Agency, England and Wales. 

Dr Breen has numerous national presentations and publications to his credit, as weU as several patents. 

Szydiik W Economic - technical test conditions presented hy CJD and RTG for welded joints. Materials of the 21 st. National Conference on Non-destroying methods, Szczyrk 1992, p. 127-132. 

The research activity here presented has been carried out at the N.D.T. laboratory of l.S.P.E.S.L. (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention) and it is aimed at the set up of the Stress Pattern Analysis by Measuring Thermal Emission technique [I] applied to pressure vessels. Basically, the SPATE system detects the infrared flux emitted from points resulting from the minute temperature changes in a cyclically stressed structure or component. 

The National system of accreditation gives much attention to the training and qualification of NDT personnel. Significant subjective component, such as training and qualification of personnel, is present in NDT implementation and assessment of its results, thus all specialists carrying out NDT must be certified in compliance with CTBEH 473. 

Checking of NDT devices is mandatory and is strictly regulated. Checking is performed and supervised by National metrological service. The term calibration is rather new in our practice. The works on calibration of NDT equipment are presented in the block-scheme 2. 

Six certification centres are functioning in Ukraine at present in Kiev, Khar kov, Dmepropetrovsk, Zaporozhje, L vov and Ivano-Frankovsk The best known of them is the NDT Certification Centre at the E O.Paton Electric Welding Institute, which was the first one to receive, already in 1990, the licence of the USSR National Certification Committee for certification of the NDT experts. These certification centres have the right to grant levels I and II (according to EN 473), while level III can only be granted by the National Certification Committee. 

CHEMblST " The CHEMLlS l Pile contains chemical substances on national inventories, registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), TTie dala in GPdHMLIS l arc from 1979 to the present, there arc more than 228 380 records (September, 2002). CHHMLlS l is updated weekly with more than 50 addilions to eUsling records or new subslances. 

The terms green chemistry and environmentally benign synthesis have been coined to refer to procedures explicitly designed to minimize the for mation of byproducts that present disposal problems Both the National Science Foundation and the Envi ronmental Protection Agency have allocated a por tion of their grant budgets to encourage efforts m this vein... 

Calibrating the electrode presents a third complication since a standard with an accurately known activity for H+ needs to be used. Unfortunately, it is not possible to calculate rigorously the activity of a single ion. For this reason pH electrodes are calibrated using a standard buffer whose composition is chosen such that the defined pH is as close as possible to that given by equation 11.18. Table 11.6 gives pH values for several primary standard buffer solutions accepted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 

J. A. Johnson, S. R. Raghuram, and P. R. Pujado, "Olex A Process for Producing High Punty Olefins," presented at the AIChE Summer National Meeting, Minneapohs, Minn., Aug. 1987. 

Coa.1 Reserves. As indicated in Table 2, coal is more abundant than oil and gas worldwide. Moreover, the U.S. has more coal than other nations U.S. reserves amount to about 270 biUion metric tons, equivalent to about 11 x 10 MJ (1 x 10 ° BTU = 6600 quads), a large number compared to the total transportation energy use of about 3.5 x lO " MJ (21 quads) per year (11). Methanol produced from U.S. coal would obviously provide better energy security benefits than methanol produced from imported natural gas. At present however, the costs of producing methanol from coal are far higher than the costs of producing methanol from natural gas. 

S. Wachtel, "Prediction of Detonation Hazards in Sohd PropeUants," paper presented at the 145th National Meeting of the Division of Fuel Chemisty, New York, 1963. 

O. Skauh, "Pan Granulation of Ammonium Nitrate and Urea," paper presented at the 168th National Meeting of the Mmerican Chemical Society, Adantic City, N.J., 1974. 

Paper presented to Commission on Natural Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1975. 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The NIST is the source of many of the standards used in chemical and physical analyses in the United States and throughout the world. The standards prepared and distributed by the NIST are used to caUbrate measurement systems and to provide a central basis for uniformity and accuracy of measurement. At present, over 1200 Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are available and are described by the NIST (15). Included are many steels, nonferrous alloys, high purity metals, primary standards for use in volumetric analysis, microchemical standards, clinical laboratory standards, biological material certified for trace elements, environmental standards, trace element standards, ion-activity standards (for pH and ion-selective electrodes), freezing and melting point standards, colorimetry standards, optical standards, radioactivity standards, particle-size standards, and density standards. Certificates are issued with the standard reference materials showing values for the parameters that have been determined. 

H. Staendeke, "Red Phosphoms - Recent Development for Safe and Efficient Flame Retardant AppHcations," paper presented at Fire Fetardant Chemicals Association National Meeting, Mar. 1988. 

F. Feldman and R. Kleszynski, Presentation at European Workshop on FVIII and FIX Concentrates, National Institute For Biological Standards and Control, London, May 1992. 

N. Smith and T. J. Corcoran, Preprints of Papers Presented at 171st National Meeting ACS, Fuel Chemistry Division, Symposium on Net Energetics of Integrated Synfue I Systems 2 2), 9 (Apr. 1976). 

W. A. Rains, paper presented at 1982Annual Meeting National Petroleum Refiners Association, San Antonio, Tex., Mar. 21—23,1983. 

M. E. Dry, "Fischer-Tropsch SyntEesis Over Iron Catalysts," paper presented at 1990 SpringyTLChP National Meetings Orlando, Fla., Mar. 18—22, 1990. 

J. E. Duddy, S. B. Panvelker, and G. A. Popper, "Commercial Economics of HRI Coal/Oil Co-Processing Technology," paper presented at 1990 SummerAIChE National Meeting, San Diego, Ca., 1990. 

One of the most significant laser safety standards is that developed by the Z-136 committee of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (55). Although it is voluntary, many organi2ations use the ANSI standard. It contains a number of items including a recommendation for maximum permissible levels of exposure to laser radiation for various wavelengths, exposure durations, and different parts of the body separation of lasers into four different classes according to the level of ha2ard they present and recommendation of safety practices for lasers in each of the classes. 

C. H. Ludwig and W. T. Zdybak, paper presented at the 185th National Meeting of the Mmerican Chemical Society, Cellulose, Paper and Textile Division, Seatde, Wash., Mar. 23, 1983. 

Recommended Dietapy Allowances Eood and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1989. M. Brown, ed., Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 6th ed.. International Life Sciences Institute/Nutrition Eoundation, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

High performance Hquid chromatography (hplc) may be used to determine nitroparaffins by utilizing a standard uv detector at 254 nm. This method is particularly appHcable to small amounts of nitroparaffins present, eg, in nitro alcohols (qv), which caimot be analyzed easily by gas chromatography. Suitable methods for monitoring and deterrnination of airborne nitromethane, nitroethane, and 2-nitropropane have been pubUshed by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (97). Ordinary sorbant tubes containing charcoal are unsatisfactory, because the nitroparaffins decompose on it unless the tubes are held in dry ice and analyzed as soon after collection as possible. 

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