Technical tests

Investigation of these pigments comprises certain technical tests for determining their practical value for the desired purpose and also chemical analysis with the object of identification, determination of the composition and the degree of purity, and detection of adulterants. 

Tests to be made similarly for pigments in general—mainly technical tests and certain preliminary chemical tests—are described under the heading General Methods, the separate modes of procedure to be followed with the more important pigments being given later. 

The principal tests necessary to determine if pigments are more or less appropriate to the uses which they should serve in practice are those dealing with the nature and intensity of the tint, covering power, stability towards light, atmospheric agencies, chemical agents and heat, behaviour when 

If the pigment to be examined is already prepared or mixed, it is often necessary first of all to separate it from the medium this is effected as described later (see Chemical Analysis, No. 1). 

In the case of a white substance, mixtures of this and of a standard white colour with a black (e.g., bone black) or coloured substance in definite proportions are compared. That white is the more intense which, for a mixture of definite proportions, gives the paler colour. 

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Szydiik W Economic - technical test conditions presented hy CJD and RTG for welded joints. Materials of the 21 st. National Conference on Non-destroying methods, Szczyrk 1992, p. 127-132. 

The results of the design calculations, and of the inspections and technical tests carried out, etc. 

There is an obvious need for single, fast, and rehable corrosion measurements on metallic products, whether use in particular environments is the concern, or whether the application of a particular post-treatment necessitates a control. Various types of chamber tests are used for technical testing. These tests are accelerated, which means that the metallic items are exposed to more aggressive conditions than they are expected to meet during actual savice, but it still takes a long time to obtain a measurement. The measurement indicates the time to failure (to a certain degree or... 

Both the AIMDD and the MDD specify that a manufacturer must submit a statement [in the specified form (MDD Annex VIII) containing information as detailed as design drawings, manufacturing methods, descriptions and explanations and the results of calculations and technical tests] to the competent authority... 

Two new elements of the manganese group, numbers 43 (eka-manganese) and 75 (dwi-manganese), were announced in June, 1925, by the German chemists Dr. Walter Noddack and Dr. Ida Tacke of the Physico-Technical Testing Office in Berlin and Dr. Otto Berg of the Werner-Siemens Laboratory. The discovery was not accidental, but the... 

We will concentrate here on some measurements of fundamental properties, rather than on technical tests developed for specific products, or end uses. 

Both academic and technical aspects must be covered (academic = foundation of good recognised knowledge for some routine testing plus extra input to allow data/responses to be assessed for future needs technical = testing designed specifically for the objective in hand). 

Technical Tests.—To ascertain the suitability of a starch for use in the dressing of textiles, samples of fabrics dyed with sensitive colours (benzopurpurin, Turkey red, logwood black) or of bleached fabrics are treated with the starch the dry materials are examined as regards feel and change of colour, while the general appearance is compared with that of the same material dressed with a standard starch. 

Technical Tests.—In the case of dextrin for use in the dyeing and printing of textiles, a practical test may be required, this being carried out in the following ways 1... 

Technical Tests.—These are made in addition to the chemical analysis and are briefly as follows ... 

Technical Tests.—Various technical tests are earned out on gutt percha, the most important bearing on its properties as an electrical ins lator. 

Analysis of white lead includes, besides technical tests [see General Methods), qualitative examination for the detection of impurities and adulterants [see paragraph i) and certain quantitative determinations (see succeeding paragraphs),... 

This consists of zinc oxide in the form of a light, odourless, white powder. It may contain, as impurities, lead carbonate and sulphate and oxides of iron, cadmium and arsenic, and may be adulterated with chalk, barium sulphate and clay (kaolin). Besides the technical tests already described (see General Methods), the following tests and determinations are made. 

In addition to the technical tests, among which that of the stability towards light is of particular importance, the analysis of lithopone includes qualitative tests for the various extraneous substances mentioned above and the determinations given below. 

Their examination includes, besides the technical tests (covering power, tests of stability, etc.), the following tests and determinations. 

Examination of ochres generally includes," besides technical tests of the fineness, the tone and intensity of the colour and the covering power, only certain qualitative tests quantitative analysis is rarely required. 

In examining minium, some of the technical tests are first carried out. 

The technical tests required for cinnabar and vermilion are more particularly those of the quality and intensity of the colour, the covering power, fineness, stability towards light and behaviour towards other pigments (white lead, zinc white) these are carried out by the general methods already indicated. The chemical analysis comprises principally the tests and determinations here described. 

The technical tests for this pigment are mainly those of the tone and intensity of the colour, covering power, fastness to light and behaviour towards other pigments. Chemical analysis includes certain qualitative tests and possibly the determination of the cadmium sulphide, the procedure being as follows. 

Besides the technical tests, among which particular interest attaches to the intensity of the colour, fastness to light, behaviour when mixed with zinc oxide, yellow pigments, etc., and with vehicles (oils), it may be necessary to test qualitatively for impurities and to determine quantitatively the colouring matter, the methods employed being described below. 

Examination of these products comprises firstly the technical tests relating to intensity, fastness and behaviour in mixtures, and further, qualitative analysis for the determination of the nature of the product and of any adulterations, and also certain quantitative determinations. The qualitative investigation is carried out as in paragraph 1 and the quantitative determinations as in paragraphs 2 and 3... 

The investigation of these pigments includes, besides technical tests, also tests for the detection of extraneous substances, these being carried out by the ordinary methods (see Chrome yellow and Prussian blue). Sometimes the lead chromate and Prussian blue are determined, the following methods giving sufficiently exact results. 

The examination of terre verte is commonly limited to technical tests of the covering power and of the fastness to atmospheric agents and to lime, and to tests for the presence of artificial organic dyes (usually by treatment with alcohol). The presence of copper colours may be detected by treatment with ammonia. 

Its examination is usually confined to the technical tests relating to fineness, covering power, etc., and to a few chemical investigations, such as those described in paragraphs 1-4, which serve mainly to distinguish natural from burnt umber. If complete analysis is required, this may be carried out by the methods already given for days (Vol. I, p. 144). 

Its examination includes, besides the usual technical tests, the following chemical tests, which indicate mainly if the Cologne earth is pure or mixed with any of the substances indicated above. 

The examination of metallic pigments is usually restricted to a few technical tests (covering power, printing tests) and to qualitative tests (for gum, fatty substances, artificial organic dyes, metals), the ordinary methods being employed. In rare cases determinations are required of the separate metals, the methods already described in the chapter on metals fVol. I) being then used. 

Examination of lakes includes technical tests directed to the determination of their fitness for the proposed purpose, and also a chemical analysis, usually only qualitative, to ascertain the nature of the colouring matter and of the base from which the lake is formed. 

Technical Tests.—These vary with the use to which the lake is to be put. 

This examination includes numerous technical tests and investigations made with the object of determining the physico mechanical properties of the wares. The results obtained, together with those of the microscopic and chemical examinations, indicate if the material possesses the necessary characters for the required purpose and also allow of its value being established. This examination is carried out on a sample so chosen that it represents as far as possible the whole parcel. The tests made are numerous and only a few of the more important are given shortly here further details may be found in special books on the subject.1... 

Other Tests. Various other technical tests are also usually made, e.g. for yam, measurement of the torsion and investigation of the uniformity for doth, reduction to tram and organsine, etc. 

Even a direct comparison with my arguments and the open expression of suspected fraud could not move Prof. Markiewicz and his colleagues to justify or correct their unscientific manner of behavior.58,59 The director of this group, Dr. Jan Markiewicz, who is not a chemist, but rather, a Technical Testing Specialist , died in 1997. Both the other authors have remained silent. 

Analytical methods technical tests used to determine analytical characteristics... 

Within the framework of type verifications for and testing of electrical apparatus in general, technical tests shall furnish proof of mechanical, thermal or electrical properties as specified in the relevant standards. Some examples for type tests are given in the following ... 

Technically, testing of hair for drugs is no more difficult or challenging than testing in many other "alternative" matrices (for example, liver, bone, etc.). In fact, the application of analytical methods and instrumental approaches are in most cases quite similar, regardless of the initial matrix. At present, hair analysis is routinely used as a tool for detection of drug use in forensic science, traffic medicine, occupational medicine, and clinical toxicology. 

Containers must be subject to technical tests which... 

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