Naming systems organic acids

Monomer and initiator must be soluble in the liquid and the solvent must have the desired chain-transfer characteristics, boiling point (above the temperature necessary to carry out the polymerization and low enough to allow for ready removal if the polymer is recovered by solvent evaporation). The presence of the solvent assists in heat removal and control (as it also does for suspension and emulsion polymerization systems). Polymer yield per reaction volume is lower than for bulk reactions. Also, solvent recovery and removal (from the polymer) is necessary. Many free radical and ionic polymerizations are carried out utilizing solution polymerization including water-soluble polymers prepared in aqueous solution (namely poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylamide, and poly(A-vinylpyrrolidinone). Polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), and polybutadiene are prepared from organic solution polymerizations. 

The brilliant Frenchman s legacy will be with us forever. Traite Elementaire de Chimie was the world s first real chemistry text. In it Lavoisier introduced a whole new system of nomenclature, which we still use. No longer would chemists refer to oil of vitriol or flowers of zinc. Instead they adopted names like sulfuric acid and zinc oxide, names that reflected the actual composition of the substances in question. Lavoisier clearly defined elements as substances that could not be broken down further by chemical means. Chemistry was evolving into an organized science ... 

Salts of amines with inorganic or organic acids are named as substituted ammonium salts, except when the nitrogen is part of a ring system. Examples are... 

First, Lavoisier made the chemistry of salts central to his new system of chemistry, but he did not include only those salts formed with mineral acids. He lists a large number of what we would call organic acids and describes their combinations with salifiable bases, that is, salt formation. The names of many of the acids that he lists are familiar today, including acetic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid, and oxalic acid, which form acetates, benzoates, and so on. He did not erect a border between these compounds and mineral acids and salts they were part of a unified chemistry. 

Salicylic acid is only used externally therefore various derivatives of this acid have been synthesized for systemic use. These comprise two large classes, namely esters of salicylic acid obtained from substitutions within the carboxyl group and salicylate esters of organic acids, in which the carboxyl group is retained and substitution is made in the hydroxyl group. For example, aspirin is an ester of acetic acid. In addition, there are salts of salicylic acid (Figure 26-1). 

Barton and co-workers have developed a family of systems for oxidation and oxidative functionalization of alkanes under mild conditions exhibiting unusual selectivity (see reviews [50], polemics [50d,e], the first publication [51] and some recent publications[52], as well as the papers of other authors concerning these systems[53]). These oxidations occur in pyridine in the presence of an organic acid and are catalyzed by complexes of transition metals (mainly iron). If dioxygen is used as an oxidizing regent, a reductant must also take part in the reaction. The first such a system was invented in Gif-sur-Yvette [51]. Thus their name Gif systems. The systems with geographically based names are mentioned in Table IX.5. All Gif systems have the same chemical peculiarities ... 

The naming of terephthalic acid does not follow any of the rnles of naming organic acids nnder the trivial naming system. However, the formnla and the strnctnre indicate an organic compound and the name indicates acid. The hazards of the acids, except for flammability, are similar. The fact that the name indicates acid shonld lead yon to assnme flammability and toxicity, in addition to corrosiveness, nntil other information is known. 

Esters are alcohol derivatives of carboxylic acids. They are named in much the same way as salts. The alcohol part (R in OR ) is named first, followed by the name of the acid modified to end in -ate. The -ic ending of the organic acid name is replaced by the ending -ate. Thus in the lUPAC system, ethanoic acid becomes ethanoate. In the common names, acetic acid becomes acetate. To name an ester, be sure to recognize the portion of the ester molecule that comes from the acid and the portion that comes from the alcohol. In the general formula for an ester, the RC=0 comes from the acid and the R O comes from the alcohol ... 

For most amino acids the R represents a complex organic group in glycine, the R represents H (hydrogen). Amino acids are usually known by their common rather than chemical names. For instance glycine, with the structural formula H2N-CH2-COOH, is known chemically as amino acetic acid. For a discussion of the structure of amino acids, consult Harbome (1984) and Bhushan and Martens (1996). In living aqueous systems, amino acids exist predominantly as dipolar ions referred to as zwitterions and represented by the formula... 

In organic compoxmds, acidity is quite often associated with the presence of a carboxylic acid group (CO2H) and it is relatively easy to determine the number of ionizable hydrogen atoms in the system. Acetic acid, 7.1, is a monobasic acid since it can donate only one proton. Ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid), 7.2, can donate two protons and so is a dibasic acid. The tetrabasic acid, 7.3, and the anions derived from it are commonly encountered in coordination chemistry the trivial name for this acid is A, MA, A -ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (see Table 7.7) and is generally abbreviated to H4EDTA. 

Sketch the general formula for an a-amino acid. In the systematic naming system we use for organic compounds, what number will always be used for an a-amino acid to specify the location of the amino group ... 

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