Names of elements

The claims for discovery and the naming of Element 104 are still in question. The Berkeley group proposes for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest R. Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist. Meanwhile, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics has proposed using the neutral temporary name, unnilquadium. 

Name of Element Chemical Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Weight Page... 

Both sides of the controversy regarding the name of element 72 are presented in the English journals, Nature and Chemistry and Industry (16, 24). 

Crane, E. J., Names of elements recommended by IUPAC, Chem. Eng. 

Similar controversies were to plague the discovery and naming of elements 105,106, and 107. lUPAC felt compelled to establish a working group in 1987 to assess claims to priority and to pronounce on nomenclature. By 1994, however, the question of what to call the new human-made elements was still in disarray. 

It has been already mentioned that the number of elements at present known is sixty-two. These have received the names given in the following Table, in which the twenty-one most important elements are distinguished by the largest type, those next in importance by medium type, whilst the names of elements which are either of rare occurrence, or of which our knowledge is yet very imperfect, are printed in the smallest type. 

The names and symbols for elements 112-118 are under review. The temporary system recommended by J. Chatt, Pure Appl. Chem., 51, 381-384 (1979) is used above. The names of elements 101-109 were agreed in 1997 (See Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 2471-2473 (1997)), for element 110 in 2003 (see Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1613-1615 (2003)) and for element 111 in 2004 (see Pure Appl. Chem., 76, 2101-2103 (2004)). 

Morveau appendices containing the nomenclature of some compound substances, which combine sometimes like simple bodies a memoir by de Fourcroy, explaining the tables of nomenclature (thirty-seven octavo pages) a directory of the new nomenclature in ninety-four pages, and the symbols prepared by Ilassenfratz and Adet, a chemical shorthand by which the names of elements and compounds could be replaced by symbols. This system never came into general use, and symbols, in so far as they were used by chemists, were of the already developed systems, until Dalton s concept of the atomic weights and symbols had been simplified by Berzelius (in 1815) into the system still in use. 

JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS DEVELOPED THE SYSTEM USED TODAY, IN WHICH THE NAMES OF ELEMENTS ARE ABBREVIATED. 

There no fixed rule for naming elements. Some names of elements take the names of scientists (Mendelevium, Md Rontgenium, Rg...), places (Americium, Am Europium, Eu...), and the names of planets (Uranium, U Plutonium, Pu...). Some names come from mythology (Titanium, Ti Thorium, Th...) or properties of the element (eg hydrogen means water former, oxygen means acid former). 

The element of 2 Bi transmutes into the element of X by decaying through one P radiation. What is the number of protons and the name of element produced ... 

In vain will one imagine to be able by the aid of chemical art to arrive at and separate the Elements absolutely simple and distinct from each other. The human mind does not even know them. Those to which the profane gives the name of elements, are not really simple and homogeneous they are so mingled and united as to be inseparable. 

It is only in recent times that a polemic arose about the naming of element 43. See P. H. M. Van Assche, The ignored discovery of element Z=43, Nuclear Physics A480 (1988) 205-214 and G. Herrmann, Technetium or masurium - a comment on the history of element 43, Nuclear Physics A505 (1989) 352-360. 

Name of Element Physical Properties Atomic Weig ... 

Q You may also have noticed the term ferrate to describe iron. This is a by-product of the old naming system that used the Latin terms for elements instead of Roman numerals to indicate their names (and charges). In this naming system, these older Latin names of elements are given an -ate ending. Most of these older forms have been discarded, except they do appear here. The Latin names for elements are responsible for the symbols that may have been difficult for you to memorize because they don t start with the same letters as the elements, common names. Some examples of these older names and their use in naming anions in complexes are seen below ... 

Name of element Atomic radius in picometres (pm) Name of element Atomic radius in picometres (pm) Name of element Atomic radius in picometres (pm)... 

Chemists do not always agree on names, not just for compounds but even for elements. As new elements are synthesized in laboratories, they must be named. Until 1997, there was a controversy over the names of elements 104 to... 

The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of the material.The standard values of Ar(E) and the uncertainties (in parentheses following the last significant figure to which they are attributed) apply to elements of natural terrestrial origin.The footnotes to this table elaborate the types of variation that may occur for individual elements and that may be larger than the listed uncertainties of values of Ar(E). Names of elements with atomic numbers 110 to 116 are provisional. 

Although any information can be expressed by elements, sometimes a simpler notation would be sufficient. In XML, information without further internal structure can be provided inside start-tags as an attribute. The attribute syntax starts with its name and is restricted by the same rules as element names followed by an equal sign (=). The value of an attribute is given in text delimited by apostrophes (. . ) or quotes ( ... ). Names of elements are separated from attributes by white-space characters (spaces, tabulators, new lines). The same element is prohibited from having several attributes of the same name (<molecule name= benzene id= i4 />). 

Chemists have agreed on a sort of scientific shorthand in which letters stand for the names of elements, substances composed of only one kind of atom. They call these letters chemical symbols. Combinations of symbols represent the different atoms in a particular kind of molecule. These combinations are called formulas, and they show what elements are contained in a compound. A compound, as you can probably tell, is a substance made up of molecules... 

Nomenclature, n. The language of chemistry. A system of terms and terminology. The naming of elements and compounds. 

Toward the end of the eighteenth century chemists began to make use of initial letters of the names of elements and compounds, instead of the older symbols. Berzelius then systematized this procedure, and his scheme was soon adopted bv all diemists. 

The work at the GSI laboratory is the most definitive, and our work at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the work at Dubna will have to be confirmed in order to allow these two groups to be recognized as participants in the discovery and naming of element 110. 

By 1913, the elements radium, actinium, thorium, and uranium had all been discovered, but element 91, between thorium and uranium in the periodic table, was not yet known. The approach used by Meitner and Hahn was to look for the parent that decays to form actinium. Alpha and beta emission are the most important decay pathways among the heavy radioactive elements. What elements would decay to actinium by each of these two pathways If radium salts show no sign of actinium, what does this suggest about the parent of actinium What is the origin of the name of element 91, discovered by Meitner and Hahn in 1918 ... 

The case of sodium and potassium has some resemblance to that of the ancient metals. After the isolation of these two metals from the alkalies which had long been known, their names in different languages were derived from different names of the alkalies, and so were obtained the alternative pair of names sodium and potassium and natrium and kalium (the symbols Na and K derived from the latter pair). Undue variations in the names of elements in different languages should be strongly opposed. 

Chemical nomenclature deals with names of elements and their combinations. Whereas writing the symbol or the name of an element is straightforward, a choice of which element to write first in the formula and in the name has to be made as soon as an element is associated with one or more other elements to form, for example, a binary compound. The order of citation of elements in formulae and names is based upon the methods outlined below. Furthermore, groups of atoms, such as ions, ligands in coordination compounds and substituent groups in derivatives of parent hydrides, are ordered according to specified rules. 

Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater Than 100, J. Chatt, Pure Appl. Client., 51, 381-384 (1979). 

IR-5.2 Stoichiometric names of elements and binary compounds IR-5.3 Names of ions and radicals IR-5.3.1 General IR-5.3.2 Cations IR-5.3.2.1 General IR-5.3.2.2 Monoatomic cations IR-5.3.2.3 Homopolyatomic cations IR-5.3.2.4 Heteropolyatomic cations IR-5.3.3 Anions IR-5.3.3.1 Overview IR-5.3.3.2 Monoatomic anions IR-5.3.3.3 Homopolyatomic anions IR-5.3.3.4 Heteropolyatomic anions IR-5.4 Generalized stoichiometric names... 

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