American Psychological Association

Reitan, R.M. Behavioral manifestations of impaired brain function in aging. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, 1973. 

Westen, D. (2004). Culture on the ground and in the brain. PsycCRITIQUES. American Psychological Association. 

Sodergren, Samantha C. and Michael E. Hyland, Expectancy and Asthma , in How Expectancies Shape Experience, edited by Irving Kirsch, Washington, DC American Psychological Association, 1999, pp. 197-212... 

Glantz M and Pickens R (1992). Vulnerability to Drug Abuse. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 

Beutler, L.,. Malik, M. L. (2002). Rethinking the DSM A psychological perspective. Washington, DC American Psychological Association. 

Widiger, T. A., Frances, A. J. (2002). Toward a dimensional model for the personality disorders. In P. T. Costa T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (pp. 23—44). Washington, DC American Psychological Association. 

Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 

American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 www.apa.org... 

The opinions and statements published are the responsibility of the authors, and such opinions apd statements do not necessarily represent the policies of the American Psychological Association. 

Appel, J. B. (1982) Characterization of receptors mediating the discriminable properties of LSD and related hallucinogens. Paper read at American Psychological Association, Washington,... 

The American Psychological Association (APA) has established stringent criteria for determining whether a therapy is empirically supported or validated. Since those guidelines were developed, the committee researching this area has been working for several years to determine the best practices to use when treating certain disorders, such as depression or anxiety. Insurance companies and... 

Weisfeld, G. E. (in press). Discrete emotions theory with specific reference to pride and shame. In N. L. Segal, G. E. Weisfeld C. C. Weisfeld (Eds.), Genetic, Ethological and Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development Essays in honor of Dr. Daniel G. Freedman. Washington, DC American Psychological Association. 

Neither the Blau quote nor the White literature review are isolated examples. The entire April 1994 issue of the journal Child Development commits the same error as does the 1995 presidential address of the President of the Division of Developmental Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Houston, Fall 1995). Both sources purport to deal with poverty, but conflate it with ordinary SES differences. 

Houston, A. C. (Fall 1995, Children in poverty and public policy. Developmental Psychology Newsletter. American Psychological Association, p. 1-8. 

Henningfield JE, Hartel CR (1999) Scientific basis for tobacco policy nicotine research travails. In Glantz MD, Hartel CR (eds) Drug abuse origins and interventions. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 431 146... 

Sammons MT, Schmidt NB. Combined Treatments for Mental Disorders A Guide to Psychological and Pharmacological Interventions. Washington DC American Psychological Association, 2001. 

Gatchel RJ, Oordt MS. Insomnia. In Clinical Health Psychology and Primary Care Practical Advice and Clinical Guidance for Successful Collaboration. Washington DC American Psychological Association, 2003, pp 135-148. 

Two frequently consulted style manuals and style procedures for research papers are the Modern Language Association (MLA) style of documentation and the American Psychological Association (APA) style of documentation. There are several specific differences between the two style manuals and their procedures, so it is very important to find out the preferred style policy for your paper. Some professors and professionals prefer MLA style, while others prefer the APA style of documentation. However, no matter which style guide you use, all three types of documentation— footnotes, endnotes, and parenthetical citations—follow specific and standard formats. 

Although anxiety disorders were officially recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1980, reports of the occurrence of anxiety disorders can be found throughout recorded history. Such prominent figures as Isaac Newton, Emily Dickinson, Abraham Lincoln, and Sigmund Freud all suffered symptoms that would now be classified as an anxiety disorder. 

In 1952, the American Psychological Association created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I). This book was the result of a four-year effort to develop a standard national naming system for mental disorders. It is updated regularly, and remains the standard by which mental illnesses are defined today. 

There are many different ways to format the parts of a paper. Most are explained in great detail with many examples in handbooks called style guides. Well-known style guides include The Chicago Manual of Style, The Modern Language Association Manual of Style, and The American Psychological Association Manual of Style. Usually your teacher will direct you to the style guide he or she prefers you to follow in your paper. Look at it as you prepare your list of sources—this will save you time and countless headaches later on. 

Kandel DB Davies M (1992). Progression to regular marijuana involvement phenomenology and risk factors for near daily use. In Glanz M Pickens R (eds.) Vulnerability to Drug Abuse. Washington American Psychological Association, pp. 211-53... 

Presented in part at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, California, 1968. 

Spontaneous Thought and imagery in the Hypnotic State Psychophysiological Correlates. Paper presented to American Psychological Association, New York, 1966. 

Kribbs NB, Dinges DF. Vigilance decrement and sleepiness. In Harsh JR Ogilvie RD, eds. Sleep Onset Mechanisms. Washington, DC American Psychological Association, 1994 113-125. 

Zammit, G.K. Delayed sleep phase syndrome and related conditions. In Pressman MR, Orr WC, eds. Understanding Sleep The Evaluation and Treatment of Sleep Disorders. Washington, DC American Psychological Association (APA), 1997. 

---