Common naming system

The nomenclature (qv) of polyamides is fraught with a variety of systematic, semisystematic, and common naming systems used variously by different sources. In North America the common practice is to call type AB or type AABB polyamides nylon-x or nylon-respectively, where x refers to the number of carbon atoms between the amide nitrogens. For type AABB polyamides, the number of carbon atoms in the diamine is indicated first, followed by the number of carbon atoms in the diacid. For example, the polyamide formed from 6-aminohexanoic acid [60-32-2] is named nylon-6 [25038-54-4], that formed from 1,6-hexanediamine [124-09-4] or hexamethylenediamine and dodecanedioic acid [693-23-2] is called nylon-6,12 [24936-74-1]. In Europe, the common practice is to use the designation "polyamide," often abbreviated PA, instead of "nylon" in the name. Thus, the two examples above become PA-6 and PA-6,12, respectively. PA is the International Union of Pure and AppHed Chemistry (lUPAC) accepted abbreviation for polyamides. 

The dihaloalkanes having the same type of halogen atoms are named as alkyUdene or alkylene dihalldes. The dihalo-compounds having same type of halogen atoms are further classified as geminal halides (halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom) and vicinal halides (halogen atoms are present on the adjacent carbon atoms). In common name system, pem-dihalides are named as aUq Udene halides and uic-dihalides... 

Reference [4] gives details of the systematic lUPAC nomenclature. The remainder of this section is devoted to a review of the common naming system, a knowledge of which is needed in order to read current literature. 

Since there are no codified rules for the common naming system, this brief review has outlined the general practice which applies to most polymers. It has also highlighted several exceptions where the system breaks down or inconsistencies occur in which case resort is made to generally accepted conventions for assignment of names to particular polymers. The common nomenclature is thus arbitrary in the final analysis. 

A de.scription of both systematic and common naming systems for these very common molecules. 

This common naming system has limitations. Pentane has three isomers, and hexane has five. The more complicated the compound, the greater the number of isomers, and the greater the number of special prefixes needed to name all the isomers. It would be extremely difficult and time-consuming to try to identify each of the 75 isomeric alkanes containing 10 carbon atoms by a unique prefix or name. 

When a chemist is trying to tell the dilference between two ions of the same element, there are two ways to do it the Stock system or the common naming system. 

The second method or common naming system uses the endings (suffixes) to distinguish between chemical forms. If an experiment calls for cuprous sulfate, it is talking about a copper Cu" ion. The ending ous is used to name... 

In common naming system, these compounds are named as alkyl derivatives of hydrogen halides. 

Many arenes have two or more substituents on the ring disubstituted, tri-substituted, etc. benzene derivatives. Three dimethylbenzene derivatives are known 1,2-dimethylbenzene (11), 1,3-dimethylbenzene (12), and 1,4-dimeth-ylbenzene (13). These are the lUPAC names, but the common name for the dimethylbenzenes is xylene. Xylenes are commonly found in paint solvents. For disubstituted benzene derivatives, a specialized common naming system— other than numbers—has been used for many years to designate on which carbon atoms the methyl groups appear. 

EC cell Common name System Unit cell dimensions (millimeters)... 

By emphasizing the importance of quantitative analysis, Lavoisier helped establish chemistry as a science. His work on combustion laid to rest the phlogiston theory and the theory that air is an element. He also explained why hydrogen burned in oxygen to form water, or hydrogen oxide. He later published one of the first chemistry textbooks, which established a common naming system of compounds and elements and helped unify chemistry worldwide. These accomplishments earned Lavoisier the reputation of being the father of chemistry. 

The second method or common naming system uses the endings (suffixes) to distinguish between chemical forms. If an experiment calls for cuprous sulfate, it is talking about a copper Cu" ion. The ending "ous is used to name the lesser charged ion of the different copper forms. The copper ion Cu " is known as a cupric ion, while Cu" is called the onerous ion, since it is the lesser charged ion of the two forms. The iron ion Fe " is called a ferric ion, while Fe " is known as a ferrous ion. 

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