Naming elements, modern system

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) is recognized as the father of modern chemistry. While his fellow scientists tried to explain matter based on the elements fire, earth, air, and water, Lavoisier performed some of the first quantitative chemical experiments. His data and observations led to the statement of the law of conservation of mass. He also studied the nature of combustion and devised a system of naming elements. 

The Greek word for atom means indivisible. In Dalton s theory there were as many different elementary particles, atoms, as there are elements. An atom is unchangeable and typical for the actual element. Today we know, which Dalton could not know, that the atoms are themselves complex, made up of electrons and atomic nuclei. All nuclei are composed of protons (named by Rutherford) and neutrons (discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick). Both particles have the atomic weight 1 the proton has the electrical charge +1, the neutron is neutral. The number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons in the quantum levels. Every proton and neutron is composed of three quarks . Perhaps we have to admit today that the elements of matter in our modern system are in fact fewer than the four of Aristotle. Matter is built of electrons and quarks. 

ORIGIN OF NAME The name "lead" is the old Anglo-Saxon word for this well-known element, and the symbol for lead (Pb) is derived from the Latin word plumbum, which is also the root word for "plumber," related to the use of lead pipes in ancient Roman plumbing systems. Some of these lead pipes can still be seen in parts of modern-day Rome. 

Lavoisier wrote several books, including Treatise on Chemical Elements, 1789, in which he further defined the nature of elements, and Method of Chemical Nomenclature, 1787, describing his idea for a chemical naming system, which eventally served as the basis for the naming system of modern chemistry. 

Hypertext is associated to systems where users have access to large quantities of information using flexible and intuitive paths. This is not the way one manipulates traditional databases that, in general, use formal access systems, and force the user to possess a certain prior knowledge about the material saved, as well as about the way to use databases. The modern hypertext concept is based on a computer-supponed information environment. This is done through a cross-referenced system, that links discrete elements in a data base, so users can explore the infoimation in any direction. One can name the following kind of hypertext documents (Garrett et al., 1986) ... 

The concept of oxidation number is used in the modern chemical naming of ionic inorganic substances. This system of nomenclature, or naming, is called the Stock notation. In this system the oxidation number is inserted immediately after the name of an ion. Roman numerals are inserted after the name or symbol of the element. For example ... 

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