Mycorrhiza vesicular-arbuscular

Root products, as defined by Uren and Reisenauer (17), represent a wide range of compounds. Only secretions are deemed to have a direct and immediate functional role in the rhizosphere. Carbon dioxide, although labeled an excretion, may play a role in rhizosphere processes such as hyphal elongation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (39). Also, root-derived CO2 may have an effect on nonphotosynthetic fixation of CO2 by roots subject to P deficiency and thus contribute to exudation of large amounts of citrate and malate, as observed in white lupins (40). The amounts utilized are very small and, in any case, are extremely difficult to distinguish from endogenous CO2 derived from soil and rhizosphere respiration. 

S. M. Schwab, J. A. Menge, and R. T. Leonard, Quantitative and qualitative effects of phosphorus on extracts and exudates of sudangrass roots in relation to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant Physiol. 73 761 (1983). 

R. C. Snellgrove, W. E. Splitstoesser, D. B. Strubket, and P. B. Tinker. The distribution of carbon and the demand of the fungal symbiont in leek plants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 69 15 (1982). 

N. S. Bolan, A. D. Robson, and N. J. Barrow, Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on the availability of iron phosphates to plants. Plant and Soil 99 40l (1987). 

R. G. Linderman, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil microbial interactions, Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture (G. J. Bethlenfalvay and R. G. Linderman, eds.), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, 1992, p. 45. 

D. Werner, S. Bernard, E. Gorge, A. Jacobi, R. Rape, K. Kosch, M. Pamiske, S. Schenk, P. Schmidt, and W. Streit, Competitiveness and communication for effective inoculation by Rhizohium, Bradyrhizohium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. Experientia. 50 884 (1994). 

M. G. Nair, G. R. Safir, and J. O. Siqueira, Isolation and identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza-stimulatory compounds from clover Trifolitim repeus) roots. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57 434 (1991). 

R. L. Peterson and P. Bonfante, Comparative structure of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas. Plant Soil 159 19 (1994). 

There are three distinct types of mycorrhizae, but the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza is found on more plant species than... 

Wyss P et al, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of wild-type soybean and non-nodulating mutants with Glomus mosseae contain symbiosis-specific polypeptides (mycorrhizins), immunologically cross-reactive with nodulins, Planta 182 22— 26, 1990. 

Several authors have obtained circumstantial evidence that allelopathic compounds reduce mycorrhizae formation (20-23). Kovacic and associates ( ) have shown that understory plants in a live ponderosa pine stand are largely nonmycorrhiza-forming species. They hypothesized that this was due to inhibition of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza necessary for the growth of herbaceous mycorrhizal plants, under living pines. They demonstrated that more mycorrhizal plants occurred under dead pines, bioassay plants formed mycorrhizae in soils beneath dead pines but not in soil beneath live pines, and mycorrhizal inoculum appeared to be absent from the live pine stand. 

Rhlid, R.B. et al., Isolation and identification of flavonoids from Ri T-DNA-transformed roots (Daucus carotd) and their significance in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, Phytochemistry, 33, 1369, 1993. 

Pairunan, A.K., Robson, A.D. and Abbott, L.K. 1980. The effectiveness of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in increasing growth and phosphorus uptake of subterranean clover from phosphorus sources of different solubilities. New Phytologist 84 327-338. 

Thompson, J.P. 1987. Decline of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in long fallow disorder of... 

Caron M. Potential use of mycorrhizae in control of soil-borne disease. Can J PI Pathol 1989 11 177-179. Caron M., Richard C., Fortin, J.A. Effect of prteinfestation of the soil by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, on Fusarium crown and root rot of tomatoes. Phytoprotection. 1986 67 15-19. 

Dumas-Gaudot E., Furlan V., Grenier J., Asselin A. New acidic chitinase isoforms induced in tobacco roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 1992a 1 133-136. 

Matsubara Y., Tamura H., Harada T. Growth enhancement and Verticillium wilt control vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation in eggplant. J Japan Soc Hort Sd. 1995 555-561. 

Srivastava D., Kapoor R., Srivastava S.K., Mukerji K.G. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza - an overview. In, Concept in mycorrhizal research, K.G. Mukerji ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996 pp. 1-39. 

Yao M., Tweddell R., Desilets H. Effect of two vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of micropropagated potato plantlets and on the extent of disease caused by Rhizotonia solani. Mycorrhiza 2002 12 235-242. 

A. V. Shnyreva and I. S. Kulaev (1994). Effect of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza on phosphorus metabolism in agricultural plants. Microbiol. Res., 149, 1-5. 

Allen, M. F. (1982). Influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas on water movement through Bouteloua gracilis. New Phytologist, 91, 191-6. 

Allen, M. F. (1983). Formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in Atriplex gardneri (Chenopodiaceae) seasonal response in a cold desert. Mycologia, 75, 773-6. 

Auge , R. M. (2001). Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza, 11, 3 2. 

Hardie, K. Layton, L. (1981). The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth and water relations of red clover. I. In phosphate deficient soil. New Phytologist, 89, 599-608. 

Owusu-Bennoah, E. Wild, A. (1979). Autoradiography of the depletion zone of phosphate around onion roots in the presence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. New Phytologist, 82, 133-40. 

Read, D. J., Koucheki, H. K. Hodgson, J. (1976). Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vegetation systems. I. The occurrence of infection. New Phytologist, 77, 641-53. 

Rozema, J., Arp, W., Van Diggelen, J. et al. (1986). Occurrence and ecological significance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in the salt marsh environment. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 35, 457-67. 

Remy, W., Taylor, T.N., Hass, H. and Kerp, H. (1994) Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 91,11841-3. 

Bhoon, Y.K. and Prasad, N.V.S.R.K. (Communicated). Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza inoculation of an important medicinal plant, Asparagus racemosus Pot and Field Studies. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 

Lovelock, C. E., Kyllo, D., and Winter, K. (1996). Growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and elevated CO, in seedlings of a tropical tree, Beitschmieda pendula. Funclional Beal. 10, 662-667. 

Cooper, K.M. and Tinker, P.B. (1 981) Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. IV. Effect of environmental variables on movement of phosphorus. New Phy-tologistm, 327-339. 

Harley (1965) also calls attention to mycorrhizae caused by aseptate hyphae, designated as vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizae, which differ markedly from those found on forest trees. He states that they are extremely common and widespread in the plant kingdom, being almost universally present in seed plants not infected with other kinds of mycorrhizae. The more specialized forms have not been grown in pure culture. Comparatively little is known about the effect of these fungi on the host plant. Infection is usually most intense on poor soils, and such infected plants seem to benefit from it. 

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