Fungal symbiont

R. C. Snellgrove, W. E. Splitstoesser, D. B. Strubket, and P. B. Tinker. The distribution of carbon and the demand of the fungal symbiont in leek plants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 69 15 (1982). 

Mycorrhizae Host plants Fungal symbionts Fungal structures... 

J. P. Clapp, J. P. W. Young, J. P. Merryweather, and A. H. Fitter. Diversity of fungal symbionts in arbu.scular mycorrhizas from a natural community. New Phytol. 130 259 (1995). 

Fungal associations with the lower land plants, including mosses, liverworts, horsetails, lycopods, ferns, and similar plants have been observed. These associations are similar to the endomycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal and endophytic associations found in the more recently evolved gymnosperms and angiosperms. Thus far, there has not been a search for the natural products associated with these fungal symbionts it is... 

For most of the world s plants mycorrhizae are the primary interface between physiologically active areas of the root and the external environment. Hence it is likely that many, perhaps most, allelochemical interactions Involving higher plant roots are mediated by the fungal symbiont. Herein we briefly review past research dealing with allelopathic effects on mycorrhizae, and discuss how interaction between mycorrhizae and chemicals may influence structural and functional aspects of ecosystems. Most studies to date have dealt with EM in forest ecosystems, and this is where our discussion will focus. 

Some species of vascular plants do not contain chlorophyll, and are incapable of photosynthesis. The whitish shoots of species such as the Indian pipe Monotropa uniflora) depend entirely on their mycorrhizal fungus to supply the plant with organic nutrients needed for growth and reproduction. This is an unusual case in which the balanced, reciprocal dependence of the plant and fungal symbionts of a mycorrhiza have become unbalanced, to the degree that the plant is now parasitic on the fungus. 

Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Tsai H-F, Collett MA, Watt DM, Scott DB. Origin of a fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass by interspecific hybridization of a mutualist with the ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloe typhina. Genetics 136 1307-1317, 1994. 

Craven KD, Hsiau PTW, Leuchtmann A, Hollin W, Schardl CL. Multigene phylogeny of Epichloe species, fungal symbionts of grasses. Ann Mo Bot Gard 88 14-34, 2001. 

Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Chung K-R, Penny D, Siegel MR. Coevolution by common descent of fungal symbionts (Epichloe spp) and grass hosts. Mol Biol Evol 14 133-143, 1997. 

Collett MA, Bradshaw RE, Scott DB. A mutualistic fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass contains two different pyr4 genes, both expressing orotidine-S -monophosphate decarboxylase. Gene 158 31-39, 1995. 

Tsai H-F, Siegel MR, Schardl CL. Transformation of Acremonium coenophialum, a protective fungal symbiont of the grass Festuca arundinacea endophyte of tall fescue. Curr Genet 22 399-406, 1992. 

Schardl CL. Epichloe species fungal symbionts of grasses. Ann Rev Phytopathol 34 109-130, 1996a. 

Scott B. Molecular interactions between Lolium grasses and their fungal symbionts. In Spangenberg G, ed. Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops. Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer, 2001, pp 261-274. 

Lichens are very sensitive indicators of sulphur dioxide pollution and their absence has been reported in many parts of the world. The primary target for the action of sulphur dioxide seems to be the algal symbiont, but the fungal symbiont is also negatively affected. 

Biochemistry of Conifer Resistance to Bark Beetles and Their Fungal Symbionts... 

Cyclases responsible for the formation of (+)-a-pinene and (+)-llmonene, monoterpenes which inhibit fungal growth and repel bark beetles, have been studied in herbaceous species. Two distinct types of enzymes synthesize antipodal monoterpene hydrocarbons. The differential expression of the cyclases responsible for co-productlon of enantiomeric monoterpenes may determine the highly selective resistance response conifers exhibit toward bark beetles and their fungal symbionts. 

The biochemical bases for the terpenoid-mediated interactions of conifers with bark beetles and their fungal symbionts is understood in broad outline. Resistance to colonization ultimately resides In the species-specific arsenal of terpenoids which can be snistered in response to an attack. Resistant... 

Bylin AG, Hume DE, Card SD, Mace WJ, Lloyd-West CM, Huss-Danell K. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on growth and loline alkaloid production of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) associated with the fungal symbiont Neotyphodium unci-natum. Botany—Botanique 2014 92(5) 370-5. 

Ergobalansine (9 Table I) was first identified in Cyperus species that had symbiotic Balansia species, which also produce this alkaloid in culture (13). Later, ergobalansine was also identified in the plant, Ipomoea asarifolia (family Convolvulaceae) (49). Based on recent studies in whieh EA were eliminated from I. asarifolia by fungicide treatment (50), it seems reasonable to expect that 9 is produced by a fungal symbiont of this plant. 

An interesting clavine structure, pibocin (11 Fig. 2), was isolated from a tunicate, Eudistoma species (55). This marine animal represents another taxonomic kingdom from which EA have been isolated. The preponderance of symbiotic fungi as EA sources in plants highlights the possibility that a fungal symbiont of the Eudistoma species might be the source of pibocin or a pibocin precursor, but this... 

Johnson, M, A. and R. Croteau, Biochemistry of conifer resistance to bark beetles and their fungal symbionts, in Ecology and Metabolism of Plant Lipids (G. Fuller and W. D. Nes, eds.), ACS Symposium Series 325,76-92, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1987. 

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