Glomus intraradices

H. Volpin, Y. Elkin, Y. Okon, and Y. Kapulnik, A vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices induces a defense response in alfalfa roots. Plant Phy.s-iol. 704 683 (1994). 

A. Johansen, R. D. Finlay, and P. A. Olsson, Nitrogen metabolism of external hy-phae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytol. 133 705 (1996). 

Guenoune, D. et al.. The defense response elicited by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is suppressed by colonization of the AM-fungus Glomus intraradices, Plant ScL, 160, 925, 2001. 

Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Gigaspora rosea leads to the accumulation of similar cyclohexenone derivatives (Vierheilig et al., 2000). However, no fungus-specific induction of these compounds are known. Pathogens and endophyte did not induce the formation of cyclohexenone derivatives in barley roots (Maier et al., 1997). The role of cyclohexenone derivatives in disease resistance is unknown. 

Colonization of barley, wheat and maize and rice roots by Glomus intraradices resulted in strong induction of transcript levels of the pivotal enzymes of methylerythritol phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthes i.e., 1 -deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1 -deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) (Walter et al., 2000). At the same time six cyclohexenone derivatives were characterized from mycorrhizal wheat and maize roots. DXS2 transcript levels are low in most tissues but are strongly stimulated in roots upon colonization by mycorrhizal fungi, correlated with accumulation of carotenoids and apocarotenoids (Walter et al., 2002). Some reports show that the AM symbiosis may cause an increase, decrease, or no change in the plant defense reactions (Guenoune et al., 2001 Mohr et al., 1998). 

Bodker L., Kjoller R. Rosendah S. Effect of phosophate and die arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on disease severity of root rot of peas (Pisum sativum) caused by Aphanomyces euteiches. Mycorrhiza 1998 8 169-174. 

Caron M. Potential use of mycorrhizae in control of soil-borne disease. Can J PI Pathol 1989 11 177-179. Caron M., Richard C., Fortin, J.A. Effect of prteinfestation of the soil by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, on Fusarium crown and root rot of tomatoes. Phytoprotection. 1986 67 15-19. 

Maier W., Schmidt J. Wray V., Walter M.H. Strack D. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices induces the accumulation of cyclohexenone derivatives in tobacco roots. Planta 1999 207 620-623. 

St-Amaud M., Hamel C., Carom M, Fortin J.A. Inhibition of Pythium ultimum in roots and growth substrate of mycorrhizal Tagetespatula colonized with Glomus intraradices. Can J Path 1995 16 187-194. 

Bago, B., Azcon-Aguilar, C. Piche, Y. (1998). Architecture and developmental dynamics of the external mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices grown under monoxenic conditions. Mycologia, 90, 52-62. 

Frey, B., Vilarino, A., Schuepp, H. Arines, J. (1994). Chitin and ergosterol content of extraradical and intraradical mycelium of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 711-17. 

Koide, R. T. Kabir, Z. (2000). Extraradical hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices can hydrolyse organic phosphate. New Phytologist, 148, 511-17. 

Mansfeld-Giese, K., Larsen, J., Bodker, L., 2002. Bacterial populations associated with mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 41, 133-140. 

Rydlova, J., Vosatka, M., 2003. Effect of Glomus intraradices isolated from Pb-coutamiuated soil on Pb uptake by Agrostis capillaris is changed by its cultivation in a metal-free substrate. Eolia Geobotanica 38, 155-165. 

Maldonado-Mendoza, I.E., Dewbre, G.R., Harrison, M.J., 2001. A phosphate transporter gene from the extra-radical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is regulated in response to phosphate in the environment. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14,1140-1148. 

RufyUdri, G., Declerck, S., Thiry, Y., 200(4). Comparison of U and P uptake and translocation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in root organ culture conditions. Mycorrhiza 13, 202-209. 

St-Amaud, M., Hamel, C., Vimard, B., Caron, M., Fortin, J.A., 1996. Enhanced hyphal growth and spore production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in an in vitro system in the absence of host roots. Mycol. Res. 100, 328-332. 

Ponce MA, Scervino JM, Erra-Balsells R et al (2004) Flavonoids fiom shoots and roots of Trifolium repens (white clover) grown in presence or absence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Phytochemistry 65 1925-1930... 

Subiamanian KS, Virgine Tenshia JS, Jayalakshmi K, Ramachandran V (2011) Antioxidant enzyme activities in arbuscular mycorrfiizal Glomus intraradices) fungus inoculated and non-inoculated maize plants under zinc deficiency. Ind J Microbiol 51 37-43... 

Lambais, M.R. and Mehdy, M.C. (1996) Soybean roots infected by Glomus intraradices strains differing in infectivity exhibit differential chiti-nase and P-l,3-glucanase expression. New Phytol 134, 531-538... 

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