Mycoplasmas

Although Brevundimonas (Pseudomonas) diminuta (ATCC 19146) is most commonly used for steriliziug-grade filter vaUdation, iu certain appHcations other bacteria are used. For example, when it is necessary to demonstrate removal of mycoplasma in appHcations involving sera and tissue culture media, membranes having a smaller pore size rating, eg, 0.1 p.m, are frequentiy used. For these membranes,laidlawii may be employed for vaHdation purposes (9). 

Latex agglutination immunoassays are easily formatted into simple kits which can provide yes/no and semiquantitative estimates of antigen (or antibody) in a sample. The first such assay was developed in 1957 for rheumatoid factor (15) and assays are on the market for the deterrnination of many species of bacteria, fungi. Mycoplasma, parasites, ckettsia, and vimses, as well as for the deterrnination of autoimmune disease, hormones (qv), dmgs (see Pharmaceuticals), and blood proteins (16). Latex agglutination is also the basis of many home pregnancy tests. 

Tetracyclines. The tetracycliaes are a small group of antibiotics characterized as containing a polyhydronaphthacene nucleus. Commercially the tetracyclines are very important. They have been used clinically against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, spirochete, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae... 

Treponema hjoepsenteriae a causative agent of swine dysentery, is sensitive to polyether antibiotics at low concentrations in vitro. In pigs, lasalocid was effective in controlling dysentery at levels of 0.005—0.05% in feeds (167). Several species of Mycoplasma are inhibited in vitro at a MIC range of 2.0—25 p./mL of polyethers including narasin, cartiomycin, and K41 (164). 

M ribosomal protection Neisseria, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus Gardnerella, Kingella, Eikenella, Veillonella, Tusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus Clostridium difficile. Streptococcus pneumoniae... 

M Huynen, T Doerks, F Eisenhaber, C Orengo, S Sunyaev, Y Yuan, P Bork. Homology-based fold predictions for Mycoplasma genitalmm proteins. J Mol Biol 280 323-326, 1998. 

L Rychlewski, B Zhang, A Godzik. Fold and function predictions for Mycoplasma genitalmm proteins. Fold Des 3 229-238, 1998. 

Appendices This section is most likely to contain additional data associated with biological-based products. It should contain information as regards the facilities and equipment used for the manufacture of biotech products. Assessment of the risk of contamination from adventitious agents such as transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents (TSEs), bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi or viruses should also be provided. Additional information on novel excipients that have not been used before should also be included in this section. 

GL34 Biologicals Mycoplasma Test for the detection of Mycoplasma contamination... 

Many microorganisms minimize the effects of the host s defence system against them by mimicking the antigenic stmcture of the host tissne. The eventual immunological response of the host to infection then leads to the autoimmune destmction of itself. Thus, infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae can lead to production of antibody against normal Group 0 erythrocytes with concomitant haemolytic anaemia. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the commonest cause of pneumonia and responds well to penicillin. In addition, a number of atypical infections may cause pneumonia and include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, psittacosis and occasionally Q fever. With psittacosis there may be a history of contact with parrots or budgerigars while Legionnaires disease has often been acquired during hotel holidays... 

Human immunodeficiency virus Influenza Kala-azar Malaria Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Paramyxoviruses Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rubella Typhoid Varicella Variola... 

Pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia, and viruses (parvovirus B1 9)... 

Broad-spectrum antibiotics (include Mycoplasma coverage)... 

Broad intravenous antibiotic coverage for the encapsulated organisms can include ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. For patients with true cephalosporin allergy, clindamycin may be used. If staphylococcal infection is suspected owing to previous history or the patient appears acutely ill, vancomycin should be initiated. Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin and azithromycin, may be initiated if Mycoplasma pneumonia is suspected. While the patient is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, their regular use of penicillin for prophylaxis can be suspended. Fever should be controlled with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Because of the risk of dehydration during infection with fever, increased fluid may be needed.6,27... 

Serology (IgM and IgG) is useful in determining the presence of atypical organisms such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. 

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