Kala azar

KSb0(C4H406),iH2,0. Used medicinally as an emetic and is still injected in the treatment of kala-azar. 

Kairomone attractants Kaizen Kala-azar Kale... 

Human immunodeficiency virus Influenza Kala-azar Malaria Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Paramyxoviruses Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rubella Typhoid Varicella Variola... 

The flagellate leishmania is transmitted to humans by the bite of the female sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus. Three principal diseases result from infection with Leishmania spp. L. donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) L. tropica and L. major produce cutaneous leishmaniasis, and L. braziliensis causes South American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In visceral leishmaniasis, the protozoan parasitizes the reticuloendothelial cells, and this results in an enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen the spleen can become massive. Cutaneous leishmaniasis remains localized to the site of inoculation, where it forms a raised disfiguring ulcerative lesion. South American leishmaniasis is variable in its presentation. It is characterized by ulceration of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and pharynx some disfiguring skin involvement also is possible. 

A. Liposomal amphotericin B was approved by the US. Food and Drug Administration to treat visceral leishmaniasis. Pentavalent antimony compounds, pentamidine, amphotericin B, and aminosi-dine (paromomycin) have all been demonstrated efficacious here. The liposomal amphotericin appears to be better taken up by the reticuloendothelial system, where the parasite resides, and partitions less in the kidney, where amphotericin B traditionally manifests its toxicity. In addition to being better tolerated by patients, it has proved to be very effective in India, where resistance to antimony drugs is widespread. This patient appears to have acquired his infection there, where many infected patients develop darkening of the skin, hence the name kala-azar, or black sickness. Albendazole, an anthelmintic, has no role here. Atovaquone, a naphthoquinone, is used to treat malaria, babesiosis, and pneumocystosis. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine is used to treat malaria and toxoplasmosis. Proguanil inhibits the dihydrofolate reductase of malaria parasites and is used in combination with atovaquone. 

China Silene jenisseensis Willd. 6,8-di-C-Galactopyranosylapigenin, 6-C-galactopyranosyl-isoscutellarein, essential oil.84 For fever, kala-azar, malaria. 

Antimony(III) sodium gluconate Sodium antimony(lll) dimercaptosuccmate (Stibocaptate) Ethylstibamme " Antimony(V) sodium gluconate Less toxic than tartrates 172 (mouse intravenous) Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis Kala Azar Espudia Cutaneous leishmaniasis... 

Kala-azar -tartar emetic m treatment of [ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS] (Vol 3)... 

Platyhelminthes Helminths Schistosoma, Fasciola, Echino- ease, kala-azar Schistosomiasis, cysticercosis,... 

Leishmaniasis. The causative agents are flagellated protozoa that are transmitted by sand flies to humans. The parasites are taken up into phagocytes, where they remain in phagolysosomes and multiply until the cell dies and the parasites can infect new cells. Symptoms A visceral form, known as kala-azar, and cutaneous or mucocutaneous forms exist (A). An estimated 12 million humans are affected. Therapy is dif cult pen-tavalent antimonial compounds, such as stibogluconate, must be given for extended periods. Adverse effects are pronounced. 

Brazil is one of the few countries in the Americas that has applied insecticides for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). Since the areas of transmission often overlapped with those for Chagas disease, the insecticides used and areas sprayed were determined by the Chagas disease control programme. With the reduction in applications for Chagas disease control, the number of cases of kala-azar has... 

Flies also harbor diseases that can be transmitted to humans and other mammals when they bite to obtain a blood meal for themselves. For example, black flies can carry river blindness, sandflies can carry leishmaniasis and kala-azar, and tsetse flies (found mainly in Africa), carry the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness. Livestock, such as horses and cattle, can be infected with a variety of botflies and warbles that can infest and feed on the skin, throat, nasal passages and stomachs of their hosts. 

In histomorphological terms, hepatitis means inflammation of the liver . The factor causing the disease may spread from the initially or predominantly affected mesenchyma to the liver cells (such as in kala-azar and malaria), or the primarily or mainly affected Hver cells may subsequently incorporate the mesen-ch)mia into the damaging process (as for example in yellow fever). In leptospirosis and herpes virus infection, the morphological finding is determined almost exclusively by changes in the parenchyma, while mesench)mial reactions are hardly or not at all present. 

Mishra M, Biswas UK, Jha AM, Khan AB. Amphotericin versus sodium stibogluconate in first-line treatment of Indian kala-azar. Lancet I994 344(8937) I599-600. 

Thrombocytopenia has been reported in a patient with Leishmania donovani infection and AIDS after stibogluconate therapy for 7 days (SEDA-13, 838). There have been two further reports, one involving a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis (occurring after 19 days of treatment), the second a man with kala-azar (who became thombocytopenic 11 days after starting therapy) in kala-azar a low platelet count is common and the count normally rises with treatment (SEDA-18, 294). 

A palindromic arthropathy with effusion and pancreatitis occurred in association with stibogluconate treatment for kala-azar in a 30-year-old man on hemodialysis for chronic renal insufficiency (SEDA-16, 311). 

Karki P, Koirala S, Parija SC, Hansdak SG, Das ML. A thirty day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of kala-azar in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998 29(l) 154-8. 

Murray HW. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) a decade of progress and future approaches. Int J imect Dis 2000 4(3) 158-77. 

Thakur CP, Kumar K. Efficacy of prolonged therapy with stibogluconate in post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 1990 91 144-8. 

Cesur S, Bahar K, Erekul S. Death from cumulative sodium stibogluconate toxicity on kala-azar. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002 8(9) 606. 

Sundar S, Sinha PR, Agrawal NK, Srivastava R, Rainey PM, Berman JD, Murray HW, Singh VP. A cluster of cases of severe cardiotoxicity among kala-azar patients treated with a high-osmolarity lot of sodium antimony gluconate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 59(1) 139 3. 

Rees PH, Kager PA, Ogada T, Eeftinck Schattenkerk JK. The treatment of kala-azar a review with comments drawn from experience in Kenya. Trop Geogr Med 1985 37(1) 37 6. 

Lira R, Sundar S, Makharia A, Kenney R, Gam A, Saraiva E, Sacks D. Evidence that the high incidence of treatment failures in Indian kala-azar is due to the emergence of antimony-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani. J Infect Dis 1999 180(2) 564-7. 

Aggarwal P, Handa R, Singh S, Wali JP. Kala-azar—new developments in diagnosis and treatment. Indian J Pediatr 1999 66(1) 63-71. 

Murray HW. Kala-azar—progress against a neglected disease. N Engl J Med 2002 347(22) 1793. ... 

Sitamaquine (1) is an 8-aminoquinoline that has been used to treat kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) (2) and is being tested for activity against Pneumocystis proved (1). 

Sangraula H, Sharma KK, Rijal S, Dwivedi S, Koirala S. Orally effective drugs for kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) focus on miltefosine and sitamaquine. J Assoc Physicians India 2003 51 686-90. 

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