Pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A mixed pattern (e.g., association of tree in bud with mosaic perfusion and expiratory air trapping) can be seen in different entities such as bronchiectasis and acute bronchopulmonary infections (in particular Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and chronic aspiration). 

Many microorganisms minimize the effects of the host s defence system against them by mimicking the antigenic stmcture of the host tissne. The eventual immunological response of the host to infection then leads to the autoimmune destmction of itself. Thus, infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae can lead to production of antibody against normal Group 0 erythrocytes with concomitant haemolytic anaemia. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the commonest cause of pneumonia and responds well to penicillin. In addition, a number of atypical infections may cause pneumonia and include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, psittacosis and occasionally Q fever. With psittacosis there may be a history of contact with parrots or budgerigars while Legionnaires disease has often been acquired during hotel holidays... 

Pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia, and viruses (parvovirus B1 9)... 

Broad intravenous antibiotic coverage for the encapsulated organisms can include ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. For patients with true cephalosporin allergy, clindamycin may be used. If staphylococcal infection is suspected owing to previous history or the patient appears acutely ill, vancomycin should be initiated. Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin and azithromycin, may be initiated if Mycoplasma pneumonia is suspected. While the patient is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, their regular use of penicillin for prophylaxis can be suspended. Fever should be controlled with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Because of the risk of dehydration during infection with fever, increased fluid may be needed.6,27... 

Fur-like proteins are found in nearly all bacteria sequenced so far, with some notable exceptions the highly adapted and specialized pathogens, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. genitalium, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia, and Ricketsia do not seem to contain genes encoding Fur-like proteins. Only some of the archaea, e.g. Archaeoglobusfulgidus, encode a Fur-like protein. In many cases, the Fur-like proteins... 

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

Previously healthy, ambulatory patient Pneumococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae Macrolide/azalide/ tetracycline0... 

Some bacteria possess uptake systems of all the ABC types mentioned in this chapter. For example, the pathogenic microbe H. influenzae is able to sequester iron via siderophore-type systems, ferric iron systems, and metal-type systems. Similarly, strains of Yersinia use multiple routes to take up iron bound to siderophores (e.g. yersiniabactin) and haem, as well as unliganded iron by the ferric-iron-type Yfu system and the metal-type Yfe system. No iron-uptake systems of the ABC transporter type were identified in the genomes of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In contrast, among the 19 ABC transporters of the related species Ureaplasma urealyticum six presumed different Fe3+ and/or haem transporters were identified [228]. 

S. Schuster, T. Pfeiffer, F. Moldenhauer, I. Koch, and T. Dandekar, Exploring the pathway structure of metabolism Decomposition into subnetworks and application to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Bioinformatics 18(2), 351 361 (2002). 

Fig. 8. Principal component analysis of the distribution of the predicted folds in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic proteomes. (a) First and second principal components (b) third and fourth principal components. Aae, Aquifex aeolicus Mge, Mycoplasm genitalium Mpn, Mycoplasma pneumoniae Rpr, Rickettsia prowazekii Bbu, Borrelia burgdorferi Bsu, Bacillus subtilis, Hin, Haemophilus influenzae, Hpy, Helicobacter pylori Tma, Thermotoga mari-...

Inpus erythematosus A chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, affecting the skin and internal organs, lymphoma A malignant tumor of the lymph nodes, multiple sclerosis A disease of the nervous system, myelodysplasia Abnormal or defective formation of the bone marrow. Mycoplasma Minute primitive bacteria without a rigid cell wall. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia in humans, myeloma cells Malignant tumor cells. 

Community-acquired pneumonia Of mild to moderate severity caused by S. pneumoniae (including multidrug resistant isolates (MDRSP), H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 

The major precipitants of exacerbations of COPD are acute airways infections. The role of bacteria in precipitating exacerbations is controversial. Bacteria may have a primary role in the development of an exacerbation or represent a secondary superinfection of an initial viral process. The major bacterial organisms that have been associated with exacerbations are Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae may play a part. In COPD patients with a FEVi < 35% predicted gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. play an important part in acute exacerbations. 

Although erythromycin is a well-established antibiotic, there are relatively few primary indications for its use. These indications include the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, eradication of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from pharyngeal carriers, the early preparox-ysmal stage of pertussis, chlamydial infections, and more recently, the treatment of Legionnaires disease, Campylobacter enteritis, and chlamydial conjunctivitis, and the prevention of secondary pneumonia in neonates. 

Respiratory tract infection Bronchitis, pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections due to susceptible strains of Strep, pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae and other organisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis, otitis, mastoiditis. 

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