Fluctuation test

Some toxicity studies were performed analyzing Bfx and Fx mutagenic effects [240-242], For example, Bfx and Bfz nitro-substituted were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) TA 98 and TA 100 strains with and without metabolic activation (Ames test). All the Bfx (10/10) and some of the Bfz (9/15) are mutagenic without activation. Other study has demonstrated benzofuroxan (128, Fig. 20) is mutagenic in the Luria and Del-brueck s fluctuation test, with Klebsiella pneumoniae, and in the Ames test. In another study it has been found that compound 137 (Fig. 21) is not mutagenic to S. typhimurium. 

Reversion Tests Background. There are several excellent references describing the background and use of bacteria for reversion tests (Brusick, 1987 Gatehouse et al., 1990). Three different protocols have been widely used plate incorporation assays, treat and plate tests, and fluctuation tests. These methods are described in detail in the following sections. Fundamental to the operation of these tests is the genetic compositions of the tester strains selected for use. 

Two main protocols have been devised for carrying out mutation assays with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, plating the cells in soft agar or a fluctuation test approach. The latter is described in the following section, based on Cole et al. (1986). The reader is referred to Clive et al. (1987) for a full description of the soft-agar method. 

Data Analysis. Data from the fluctuation test described above are analyzed by an appropriate statistical method as described in Robinson et al. (1989). Data from plate assays are analyzed as described in Arlett et al. (1989) for treat and plate tests. 

Forster, R., Green, M.H.L. and Priestley, A. (1980). Optimal Levels of S9 fraction in Ames and fluctuation tests apparent importance of diffusion of metabolites from top agar. Carcinogenesis 2 1081-1085. 

Robinson, W.D., Green, M.H.L., Cole, J., Healy, M.J.R., Gamer, R.C. and Gatehouse, D. (1989). Statistical Evaluation of bacterial mammalian fluctuation tests. In Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data (Kirkland, D.J., Ed.). Cambridge University Press, pp. 102-140. 

J. Watabe and H. Bernstein, The mutagenicity of bile acids using a fluctuation test, Mutat. Res., 1985, 158(1-2), 45. 

Jolibois B, Guerbet M (2005) Evaluation of industrial, hospital and domestic wastewater genotoxicity with the Salmonella fluctuation test and the SOS chromotest. Mutat Res 565 (2) 151-162... 

Green MHL, Muriel WJ, Bridges BA. 1976. Use of simplified fluctuation test to detect low levels of mutagens. Mutat Res 38 33-42. 

Gatehouse, D. (1981) Mutagenic activity of 42 coded compounds in the Microtiter fluctuation test. In de Serres, F.J. Ashby, J., eds, Progress in Mutation Research, Volume 1, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science, pp. 376-386... 

Sargent, A.W. Regnier, A.P (1982) Fluctuation test data on 4-chloromethylbiphenyl (4CMB), 4-hydroxymethylbiphenyl (4HMB) and benzyl chloride (BC) using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TAIOO. Mutat. Res., 100, 87-90... 

ECW, Escherichia coli WP2 wvrA, reverse mutation, fluctuation test + 4 1 Gatehouse (1981)... 

Le Curieux, F, Giller. S.. Gauthier, L., Erb, F. Marzin, D. (1995) Study of the genotoxic activity of six halogenated acetonitriles, using the SOS chromotest, the Ames-fluctuation test and the newt micronucleus test. Mutat. Res., 341, 289-302... 

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