Morphine disease

Transdermal patches are applied to the skin. The drug is mixed with the adhesive for the patch, and so it lies next to the skin. The skin can readily absorb many chemicals and so can absorb drugs such as nitroglycerin (for heart disease), morphine derivatives (for constant, severe pain), estrogen (for hormone replacement therapy), or nicotine (for easing symptoms that result when a patient stops smoking). 

The profound physiological effects of alkaloids have been known for centuries. For example, Socrates was put to death with an extract of hemlock, which contains a poisonous alkaloid, coniine. Other alkaloids have long been valued for their beneficial medical effects. Examples include morphine (a painkiller), quinine (used to treat malaria), and atropine (used to treat Parkinson s disease and in eye drops that dilate the pupils). 

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a randomized epidemiological study on patients who had received morphine nerve paste post-operatively for pain management purposes. Ninety-four percent of the patients used in the cohort presented themselves with surgical-site comphcations such as edema and inflammation 24 days (median) post-operation. Upon culturing of the wounds, 64% tested positive for bacterial infection. It is important to note that aU of the patients were found to have residual morphine paste on board indicative of a chronic morphine state (Sacerdote et al. 2000). 

Nelson CJ, Carrigan KA, Lysle DT (2000) Naltrexone administration attenuates surgery-induced immune alterations in rats. J Surg Res 94(2) 172-177 Noel RJ Jr, Kumar A (2006) Virus replication and disease progression inversely correlate with SIV tat evolution in morphine-dependent and SIV/SHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology 346(1) 127-138... 

Marcario JK, Riazi M, Adany I, Kenjale H, Fleming K, Marquis J, Nemon O, Mayo MS, Yankee T, Narayan O, Cheney PD (2008) Effect of morphine on the neuropathogenesis of SlVmac infection in Indian Rhesus Macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 3 12-25 Mattson MP, Haughey NJ, Nath A (2005) CeU death in HIV dementia. Cell Death Differ 12 893-904 Mayne M, Bratanich AC, Chen P, Rana F, Nath A, Power C (1998) HlV-1 tat molecular diversity and induction of TNF-alpha implications for HIV-induced neurological disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 5 184-192... 

Perez-Casanova A, Noel RJ Jr, Rivera-Amill V, Husain K, Kumar A (2007) Morphine-mediated deterioration of oxidative stress leads to rapid disease progression in SIV/SHIV-infected macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23 1004-1007 Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE (2003) Mononuclear phagocyte immunity and the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 74 691-701... 

Barr, M. et al., Effects of multiple acute morphine exposures on feline immunodeficiency virus disease progression, J. Infect. Dis., 182, 725, 2000. 

Alkaloids Glycoside Morphine Codeine Digitalis glycosides Sennosides Analgesic, Antitussive Cardiovascular diseases, Laxatives... 

Fentanyl was introduced to the United States in 1968 by the Janssen Pharmaceutical Company and marketed under the trade name Sublimaze. Its primary purpose was for use as an intravenous anesthetic and analgesic. It is 100 times more potent than morphine in reducing pain, and its duration of action is only 30 minutes (compared to morphine, which lasts several hours). Over the years, fentanyl has proved to be an extremely useful drug, and to date, it is still widely used for surgeries, childbirth, pain associated with cancer and other diseases, and the treatment of trauma-related injuries. Although fentanyl solutions are often given intravenously, pill forms of the drug are also available. 

Many drugsbromides, morphine, cocaine, hashish, marijuana, mescaline, scopolamine, di-isopropyl fluorophosphate, ACTH, pervitin, sodium amytal, lysergic acid, reserpine and chlorpromazine are known to have marked effects on the mental processes of the individuals who receive them. These effects are varied and cannot be discussed here. Suffice it to say that some drugs produce symptoms which resemble those observed in mental disease others work in the opposite direction. There can be no doubt that enzyme systems are... 

The little black bag of physicians did not have a whole lot of useful medicines in 1900. The role of the physician at that time was diagnosis and prognosis far more than therapy. Nonetheless, some progress in chemistry in the service of human health had been made. Quinine, morphine, salicylic acid, digitalis, antipyrine, and ephedrine were known in 1900, though their utility, and their liabilities, in treatment of human disease was not fully appreciated. ... 

The common side effects of naltrexone are nansea, headache, and dizziness. In addition, naltrexone has the potential for toxic effects on the liver and should not be used in an alcoholic with cirrhosis or other known liver disease. Because it blocks opiate receptors, patients treated with naltrexone are unable to benefit from the analgesic effects of opiates such as codeine or morphine. Naltrexone may increase serum levels of acamprosate in patients taking both medications. 

Apomorphine hydrochloride (44 Apokyn ) Morphine (43) Alkaloid Semi-synthetic NP Plant Parkinson s disease Potent dopamine receptor agonist 403 16... 

Although pain at the site of injection has been reported [134] a recent investigation [135] seems to prove that pentazocine does not release histamine. This is in marked contrast to morphine and older drugs of its type, and it has, in consequence, been suggested [135] that pentazocine is suitable for use in asthmatics and patients suffering from other allergic diseases. 

Morphine (13) Apomorphine (36) Benzyltetrahydro-isoquinoline alkaloid Parkinson s disease... 

Opiates can effect serum levels of enzymes and other substances whose homeostatic control depends on clearance through the liver (F8, G12, M15, N4, S19). In one reported case, the aspartate aminotransferase was within normal limits before the administration of codeine, but within 2 hours after the drug, the enzyme activity had risen to two times the normal value by 8 hours to eight times the normal activity, and within 24 hours it had returned to normal (F8). Increases in transaminase to levels 5-85 times the control value have been reported in 6 of 16 patients with disease of the biliary tree following the administration of codeine phosphate (2 grains) (B7, F8). Gross has shown that morphine, codeine, or mepheridine administration produce elevations of serum amylase or lipase (G12). These elevations have been attributed to constriction of the sphincter of Oddi and increased intraductal pressure on the pancreatic duct (G12, N4). 

M15. Mossberg, S. M., Bloom, P., Berkowitz, J., and Ross, G., Serum enzyme activities following morphine A study of transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels in normal peraons and those with gall bladder disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 109, 429-437 (1962). 

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