Models/modeling environmental systems

Chen et al. [24] provide a good review of Al techniques used for modeling environmental systems. Pongracz et al. [25] presents the application of a fuzzy-rule based modeling technique to predict regional drought. Artificial neural networks model have been applied for mountainous water-resources management in Cyprus [26] and to forecast raw-water quality parameters for the North Saskatchewan River [27]. 

Chen SH, Jakeman AJ, Norton J-P (2008) Artificial Intelligence techniques an introduction to their use for modelling environmental systems. Math Comput Slmul 78 379 00... 

Domenech X, Peral J, Munoz I (2009) Predicted environmental concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in a model environmental system. Water Res 43(20) 5236-5242... 

Modeling environmental systems Risk assessment Cleaner production Wastewater management Water management Land pollution Air pollution assessment and control Solid waste management... 

M. R. McHenry and B. Laub, Ablative Padome Materials Thermal Ablation and Erosion Modelling (13th Intersociety Conf. on Environmental Systems,... 

The work of Matthies et al. [22] collects the current issues, methods, and tools for DSS, and that of Argent et al. [23] describes a DSS generator within which users are able to select and link models, data, analysis tools, and reporting tools to create specific DSS for particular problems, and for which new models and tools can be created and, through software reflection (introspection), discovered to provide expanded capability where required. This system offers a new approach within which environmental systems can be described in the form of specific DSS at a scale and level of complexity suited to the problems and needs of decision makers. 

Allison, J.D., Brown, D.S., and Novo-Gradac, K.J., MINTEQA2/PRODEF2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems Version 3.0 User s Manual, 1991. 

The inventory tasks is to collect environmentally important information about relevant processes involved in the product system. Inventory collects information about unit processes at first and subsequently, an inventory of inputs and outputs of the system and its surroundings is carried out. The goal is the identification and quantification of all elementary flows associated with product system. Inventory analysis is the nature of the technical implementation of LCA studies. It is an essential part of a study, has high demands for data availability, practical experience in modelling product systems and, in the case of using database tools, it is necessary to master them perfectly and to understand their function [46]. The inventory phase principle is data collection that is used to quantify values of the elementary flows. This phase represents a major practical part of the LCA study, time consuming and with demands for data availability and author s experience with modelling product system studies [47],... 

During the last several decades the natural systems have been disturbed by human activities. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances of the environmental system are discussed in terms of models, and answers regarding possible negative consequences of human interactions with natural processes are searched for. 

Models for processes in the environmental SYSTEM E.G. GENERAL CIRCULATION Model for Atmosphere and Ocean... 

Allison, J. D., D. S. Brown and K. J. Novo-Gradac, 1991, MINTEQA2/ PRODEFA2, a geochemical assessment model for environmental systems, version 3.0 user s manual. US Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/3-91/021. 

Runkel, R.L. Kimball, B.A. 2002. Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage system - application of a reactive transport model. Environmental Science Technology, 36, 1093-1101. 

Campbell, P. G. C. (1995). Interactions between trace metal and aquatic organisms a critique of the free-ion activity model. In Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, eds. Tessier, A. and Turner, D. R., Vol. 3, IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, Series eds. Buffle, J. and van Leeuwen, H. P., John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp. 45-102. 

In this third edition we have revised the theoretical part and introduced a number of new simulation examples. Some examples deal with safety problems in chemical reactors and others are related to modelling of environmental systems and are located in a new Environmental Process section. 

Also, in the 1990s, the Environmental Protection Agency began to focus on pollution prevention. The idea was to cut pollution using natural ecosystems as a model. Industrial systems should not be open-ended, dumping endless byproducts, but closed, as nature is, continuously cycling and recyling. This concept includes life cycle assessment (LCA) which considers ... 

The main goal of this chapter is to review the most widely used modeling techniques to analyze sorption/desorption data generated for environmental systems. Since the definition of sorption/desorption (i.e., a mass-transfer mechanism) process requires the determination of the rate at which equilibrium is approached, some important aspects of chemical kinetics and modeling of sorption/desorption mechanisms for solid phase systems are discussed. In addition, the background theory and experimental techniques for the different sorption/ desorption processes are considered. Estimations of transport parameters for organic pollutants from laboratory studies are also presented and evaluated. 

The second modeling approach discussed in this section presents an overview of the fundamentals of quantitative structure-activity relationships (i.e., QSARs [102-130]) and quantitative structure-property relationships (i.e., QSPRs [131-139]). It will show how such an approach can be used in order to estimate and predict sorption/desorption coefficients of various organic pollutants in environmental systems. 

American Petroleum Institute (API). Recommended Practice API 9100, Model Environmental, Health Safety (EHS) Management System and Guidance Document... 

Environmental Chamber. The model disposal system was placed in an environmental chamber (Figure 1). Details of the chamber and its use are discussed elsewhere (18). The chamber was designed so... 

When we use a tracer study to develop reactor parameters for an environmental system, we are inherently assuming that the details of the transport processes are not essential to us. All that we have is an input and an output, and any sets of reactors that will simulate the output for a given input are acceptable. What you can learn about the system from a reactor model depends on your understanding of the transport processes and how they are simulated by reactor models. 

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