General circulation model

Meridional circulation in two-dimensional stratospheric models has been specified based on observations or general circulation model calculations recendy efforts have been undertaken to calculate circulations from first principles, within the stratospheric models themselves. An important limitation of using models in which circulations are specified is that these caimot be used to study the feedbacks of changing atmospheric composition and temperature on transport, factors which may be important as atmospheric composition is increasingly perturbed. 

Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions. To determine how the ocean responds to a C02-induced climate forcing, it will be necessary to develop a combined ocean and atmospheric general circulation model. It will take 10-20 years to develop a model with appropriate chemistry and biology to the level of confidence necessary to make valid projections. In the interim, two approaches can be pursued in parallel with this model development. 

Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U. and Crowley, T. J. (1990). Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiment with an open American Isthmus. Paleoceanography, 5,349-366. 

Bonan, G. B. (1995a). Land-atmosphere CO2 exchange simulated by a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model, j. Geophys. Res. 100,2817-2831. 

Dazlich, D. A. (1996a). Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO2 in a general circulation model. Part 1 Surface carbon fluxes, Telliis, Ser. B, 48,521-542. 

Denning, A. S. (1995). Investigations of the transport, sources, and sinks of atmospheric CO2 using a general circulation model, Atmos. Sci. Pap. 564, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins. 

Dorman, J. L. and Sellers, P. J. (1989). A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the simple biosphere model (SiB), /. Appl. Meteorol. 28, 833-855. 

Centre General Circulation Model, Atmos.-Ocean 33,407-446. 

Jouzel, J., Russell, G. L., Koster, R. D. et al. (1987). Simulations of the HDO and H2 0 atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model the seasonal cycle for present-day conditions. /. Geophys. Res. 92(D12), 14739-14760. 

The research published in this book uses the presently most comprehensive multicompartment model, the first which comprises a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (GCM). GCMs are the state-of-the-art tools used in climate research. The study is on the marine and total environmental distribution and fate of two chemicals, an obsolete pesticide (DDT) and an emerging contaminant (perflu-orinated compound) and contains the first description of a whole historic cycle of an anthropogenic substance, i.e. from the introduction into the environment until its fading beyond phase-out. 

Arakawa A, Lamb VR (1977) Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. Methods Comput Phys 17 173-265... 

Ganzeveld L, Lelieveld J (1995) Dry deposition parameterization in a chemistry general-circulation model and its influence on the distribution of reactive trace gases. J Geophys Res 100(D10) 20,999-21,012... 

Lohmann U, Roeckner E (1996) Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM4 general circulation model. Clim Dyn 12 557-572 Mackay D (1991) Multimedia Environmental Models The Fugacity Approach. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, USA... 

The main tools used to provide global projections of future climate are general circulation models (GCMs). These are mathematical models based on fundamental physical laws and thus constitute dynamical representations of the climate system. Computational constraints impose a limitation on the resolution that it is possible to realise with such models, and so some unresolved processes are parameterised within the models. This includes many key processes that control climate sensitivity such as clouds, vegetation and oceanic convection [19] of which scientific understanding is still incomplete. 

Models for processes in the environmental SYSTEM E.G. GENERAL CIRCULATION Model for Atmosphere and Ocean... 

Boucher, O., and T. L. Anderson, General Circulation Model Assessment of the Sensitivity of Direct Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols to Aerosol Size and Chemistry, ]. Geophys. Res., 100, 26117-26134 (1995). 

Haywood, J. M., D. L. Roberts, A. Slingo, J. M. Edwards, and K. P. Shine, General Circulation Model Calculations of the Direct Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulphate and Fossil-Fuel Soot Aerosol, J. Clim., 10, 1562-1577 (1997a). 

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